SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT

Baytril 25 mg/ml solution for injection

2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION

One ml solution contains:

Active substance:

Enrofloxacin 25 mg

Excipient:

n-Butyl alcohol 30 mg.

For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.

3. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM

Solution for injection.

Clear light-yellow solution.

4. CLINICAL PARTICULARS

4.1 Target species

Dogs, cats, pigs (piglets), rabbits, rodents, reptiles and ornamental birds.

4.2 Indications for use, specifying the target species

Dogs

Treatment of infections of the alimentary, respiratory and urogenital tracts (including prostatitis, adjunctive antibiotic therapy for pyometra), skin and wound infections, otitis (externa/media) caused by enrofloxacin susceptible strains of:Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Pasteurella spp., Klebsiella spp., Bordetella spp., Pseudomonas spp.andProteus spp.

Cats

Treatment of infections of the alimentary, respiratory and urogenital tracts (as adjunctive antibiotic therapy for pyometra), skin and wound infections, caused by enrofloxacin susceptible strains of:Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Pasteurella spp., Klebsiella spp., Bordetella spp., Pseudomonas spp.andProteus spp.

Pigs (piglets)

Treatment of infections of the respiratory tract caused by enrofloxacin susceptible strains of: Pasteurellamultocida,Mycoplasmaspp.,Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae.

Treatment of infections of the alimentary tract caused by enrofloxacin susceptible strains of Escherichia coli.

Treatment of septicaemia caused by enrofloxacin susceptible strains of Escherichia coli.

Rabbits

Treatment of infections of the alimentary and respiratory tracts caused by enrofloxacin susceptible strains of: Escherichia coli, Pasteurella multocidaand Staphylococcusspp.

Treatment of skin and wound infections caused byenrofloxacin susceptible strains of Staphylococcus aureus.

Rodents, reptiles and ornamental birds

Treatment of infections of the alimentary and respiratory tracts where clinical experience, if possible, supported by susceptibility testing of the causal organism, indicates enrofloxacin as the substance of choice.

4.3 Contraindications

Do not use in the case of known hypersensitivity to fluoroquinolones or to any of the excipients.

Do not use in animals that are epileptic or suffer from seizures since enrofloxacin may cause CNS stimulation.

Do not use in young dogs during their growth, i.e. in small breeds of dogs less than 8 months of age, in big breeds of dogs less than 12 months of age, in giant breeds of dogs less than 18 months of age.

Do not use in cats less than 8 weeks of age.

4.4 Special warnings for each target species

None.

4.5 Special precautions for use

Official and local antimicrobial policies should be taken into account when the product is used.

Fluoroquinolones should be reserved for the treatment of clinical conditions which have responded poorly, or are expected to respond poorly, to other classes of antimicrobials.

Whenever possible fluoroquinolones should only be used based on susceptibility testing.

Use of the product including use deviating from the instructions given in the SPC may increase the prevalence of bacteria resistant to enrofloxacin and may decrease the effectiveness of treatment with all fluoroquinolones due to the potential for cross-resistance.

Special caution should be taken when using enrofloxacin in animals with impaired renal function.

Special caution should be taken when using enrofloxacin in cats because higher doses than recommended can cause retinal damage and blindness (see section 4.10).

People with known hypersensitivity to fluoroquinolones should avoid any contact with the product.

Avoid skin and eye contact. Wash any splashes from skin or eyes immediately with water.

Wash hands after use. Do not eat, drink or smoke whilst handling the product.

Care should be taken to avoid accidental self-injection. If accidental self-injection occurs seek medical advice immediately.

In countries where feeding of fallen stock to scavenger bird populations is permitted as a conservation measure (see Commission Decision 2003/322/EC), the possible risk to hatching success should be considered before feeding carcasses of livestock recently treated with this product.

4.6 Adverse reactions (frequency and seriousness)

Digestive tract disorders (e.g. diarrhoea) may occur in very rare cases. These signs are generally mild and transient.

Local reactions at injection site

In pigs, after intramuscular administration of the product, inflammatory reactions may occur. They may persist up to 28 days after the injection.

In dogs, a moderate and transient local reaction (such as oedema) may occur.

In rabbits, reactions (from reddening to ulcerative lesions with deep loss of tissue), may occur. They may persist at least up to 17 days after the injection.

In reptiles and birds, muscle bruising may occur in very rare cases.

The frequency of adverse reactions is defined using the following convention:

- very common (more than 1 in 10 animals displaying adverse reactions during the course of one treatment)

- common (more than 1 but less than 10 animals in 100 animals)

- uncommon (more than 1 but less than 10 animals in 1,000 animals)

- rare (more than 1 but less than 10 animals in 10,000 animals)

- very rare (less than 1 animal in 10,000 animals, including isolated reports).

4.7 Use during pregnancy, lactation or lay

Laboratory studies in rats and rabbits have not produced any evidence of teratogenic effects but have shown evidence of foetotoxic effects at maternotoxic doses.

Mammals

The safety of the veterinary medicinal product has not been established during pregnancy and lactation. Use only accordingly to the benefit/risk assessment by the responsible veterinarian.

Birds and reptiles

The safety of the veterinary medicinal product has not been established during lay. Use only accordingly to the benefit-risk assessment by the responsible veterinarian.

4.8 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction

Do not use enrofloxacin concomitantly with antimicrobial substances acting antagonistically to quinolones (e.g. macrolides, tetracyclines or phenicols).

Do not use concurrently with theophylline as the elimination of theophylline may be delayed.

Care should be taken during the concomitant use of flunixin and enrofloxacin in dogs to avoid adverse drug reactions. The decrease in drug clearances as a result of co-administration of flunixin and enrofloxacin indicates that these substances interact during the elimination phase. Thus, in dogs, the co-administration of enrofloxacin and flunixin increased the AUC and the elimination half-life of flunixin and increased the elimination half-life and reduced the Cmax of enrofloxacin.

4.9 Amounts to be administered and administration route

Subcutaneous or intramuscular use.

Repeated injections should be made at different injection sites.

To ensure a correct dosage, body weight (bw) should be determined as accurately as possible to avoid underdosing.

Dogs and cats

5 mg of enrofloxacin/kg bw, corresponding to 1 ml/5 kg bw, daily by subcutaneous injection for up to 5 days.

Treatment may be initiated with injectable product and maintained with enrofloxacin tablets. Duration of treatment should be based on the duration of treatment approved for the appropriate indication in the product information of the tablet product.

Pigs (piglets)
2.5 mg of enrofloxacin/kg bw, corresponding to 1 ml/10 kg bw, once daily by intramuscular injection for 3 days.

Alimentary tract infection or septicaemia caused by Escherichia coli: 5 mg of enrofloxacin/kg of bw, corresponding to 2 ml/10 kg bw, once daily by intramuscular injection for 3 days.

In pigs, the injection should be made in the neck at the ear base.

Not more than 3 ml should be administered at one intramuscular injection site.

Rabbits

10 mg/kg bw, corresponding to 2 ml/5 kg bw, once daily by subcutaneous injection for 5 to 10 consecutive days.

Rodents

10 mg/kg bw, corresponding to 0.4 ml/kg bw, once daily by subcutaneous injection for 5 to 10 consecutive days. If necessary, depending on the severity of clinical signs, this dosage can be doubled.

Reptiles

Reptiles are ectothermic, relying on external heat sources to maintain their body temperature at the optimum level for correct function of all body systems. Metabolism of substances and activity of the immune system are, thus, critically dependent on the body temperature. Therefore, the veterinarian must be aware of the correct temperature requirements of the respective reptile species and the hydration status of the individual patient. Furthermore, it has to be considered that large differences exist in the pharmacokinetic behaviour of enrofloxacin among different species, which additionally will influence the decision about the correct dosage of “product name (to be completed nationally)”. Therefore, the recommendations made here can only be used as a starting point for individual dose setting.

5–10 mg/kg bw, corresponding to 0.2–0.4 ml/kg bw, once daily by intramuscular injection for 5 consecutive days.

An extension of the treatment interval to 48 hours may be necessary in individual cases. In complicated infections, higher dosages and longer treatment courses may be necessary. The presence of the renal portal system in reptiles means it is prudent to administer substances in the front half of the body wherever possible.

Ornamental birds

20 mg/kg bw, corresponding to 0.8 ml/kg bw,once daily by intramuscular injection for 5 to 10 consecutive days. In case of complicated infections higher doses may be necessary.

4.10 Overdose (symptoms, emergency procedures, antidotes), if necessary

In cases of accidental overdose digestive tract disorders (e.g. vomiting, diarrhoea) and neurological disorders may occur.

In pigs, no adverse effects were reported after the administration of 5 times the recommended dose.

Cats have been shown to suffer ocular damage after receiving doses of more than 15 mg/kg once daily for 21 consecutive days. Doses of 30 mg/kg given once daily for 21 consecutive days have been shown to cause irreversible ocular damage. At 50 mg/kg given once daily for 21 consecutive days, blindness can occur.

In dogs, rabbits, small rodents, reptiles and birds, overdose has not been documented.

In accidental overdose there is no antidote and treatment should be symptomatic.

4.11 Withdrawal periods

Pigs:

Meat and offal: 13 days.

Rabbits:

Meat and offal: 6 days.

Do not use in birds intended for human consumption.

5. PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

Pharmacotherapeutic group:Antibacterials for systemic use, fluoroquinolones.

ATCvet code:QJ01MA90.

5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties

Mode of action

Two enzymes essential in DNA replication and transcription, DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, have been identified as the molecular targets of fluoroquinolones. Target inhibition is caused by non-covalent binding of fluoroquinolone molecules to these enzymes. Replication forks and translational complexes cannot proceed beyond such enzyme-DNA-fluoroquinolone complexes, and inhibition of DNA and mRNA synthesis triggers events resulting in a rapid, drug concentration-dependent killing of pathogenic bacteria. The mode of action of enrofloxacin is bactericidal and bactericidal activity is concentration dependent.

Antibacterial spectrum

Enrofloxacin is active against many Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiellaspp., Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Pasteurellaspp.(e.g. Pasteurella multocida), Bordetellaspp., Proteusspp., Pseudomonasspp., against Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcusspp. (e.g. Staphylococcusaureus) and against Mycoplasmaspp. at the recommended therapeutic doses.

Types and mechanisms of resistance

Resistance to fluoroquinolones has been reported to arise from five sources, (i) point mutations in the genes encoding for DNA gyrase and/or topoisomerase IV leading to alterations of the respective enzyme, (ii) alterations of drug permeability in Gram-negative bacteria, (iii) efflux mechanisms, (iv) plasmid mediated resistance and (v) gyrase protecting proteins. All mechanisms lead to a reduced susceptibility of the bacteria to fluoroquinolones. Cross-resistance within the fluoroquinolone class of antimicrobials is common.

5.2 Pharmacokinetic particulars

Enrofloxacin is rapidly absorbed after parenteral injection. Bioavailability is high (approximately 100% in pigs) with a low to moderate plasma protein binding (approximately from 20 to 50%). Enrofloxacin is metabolized to the active substance ciprofloxacin at approximately 40% in dogs and less than 10% in cats and pigs.

African Grey Parrots serum ciprofloxacin concentrations were 3–78% of the enrofloxacin dose, with an increasing ciprofloxacin/enrofloxacin ratio with multiple doses.

Enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin distribute well into all target tissues, e.g. lung, kidney, skin, and liver, reaching 2- to 3-fold higher concentrations than in plasma. Parent substance and active metabolite are cleared from the body via urine and faeces.

Accumulation in plasma does not occur following a treatment interval of 24 h.

	Dogs	Cats	Rabbits	Pigs	Pigs
Dose rate (mg/kg bw)	5	5	10	2.5	5
Route of administration	sc	sc	sc	im	im
Tmax (h)	0.5	2	/	2	2
Cmax (µg/ml)	1.8	1.3	/	0.7	1.6
AUC (µg∙h/ml)	/	/	/	6.6	15.9
Terminal half-life (h)	/	/	/	13.12	8.10
Elimination half-life (h)	4.4	6.7	2.5	7.73	7.73
F (%)	/	/	/	95.6	/

6. PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS

6.1 List of excipients

n-Butyl alcohol

Potassium hydroxide

Water for injections

6.2 Incompatibilities

In the absence of compatibility studies, this veterinary medicinal product must not be mixed with other veterinary medicinal products

6.3 Shelf life

Shelf life of the veterinary product as packaged for sale: 4 years.

Shelf life after the first opening of the immediate packaging: 28 days.

6.4. Special precautions for storage

Advice for handling: Do not refrigerate or freeze.

6.5 Nature and composition of immediate packaging

Brown glass (type I) vials with a chlorobutyl polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) stopper and with a flip-off cap with aluminium case and plastic flip-off button.

Pack-sizes:

50 ml and 100 ml in a cardboard box.

Not all pack sizes may be marketed.

6.6 Special precautions for the disposal of unused veterinary medicinal product or waste materials derived from the use of such products

Any unused veterinary medicinal product or waste materials derived from such veterinary medicinal products should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.

7. MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER

Bayer plc,

Animal Health Division

Bayer House

Strawberry Hill

Newbury

Berkshire

RG14 1JA

8. MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER

Vm00010/4075

9. DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION

Date:22 April 1992

10. DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT

Date: December 2014

Approved: 19 December 2014