Cefaclor Capsules 500mg
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
1 NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT
Cefaclor 500mg Capsules
2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
Each capsule contains Cefaclor monohydrate 524.4 mg equivalent to anhydrous Cefaclor or 500 mg.
For the full list of excipients, see 6.1.
3 PHARMACEUTICAL FORM
Hard Capsules Cefaclor Capsules 500 mg:
Purple/grey hard gelatin self locked capsules of size '0 el’ imprinted ‘Cefaclor 500’ on cap and body in black edible ink containing white to off-white granular powder.
4 CLINICAL PARTICULARS
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Cefaclor is used in the treatment of the following mild or moderately-severe infections caused by susceptible microorganisms.
Respiratory tract infections, namely pneumonia (community acquired), bronchitis, acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, pharyngitis and tonsillitis and sinusitis Otitis media
Skin and soft tissue infections
Urinary tract infections, including pyelonephritis and cystitis
Penicillin is the usual drug of choice for the treatment of streptococcal infections.
Cefaclor should not be used in the treatment of meningitis.
Consideration should be given to local guidance regarding the appropriate use of antibacterial agents.
Cefaclor is generally effective in the eradication of streptococci from the nasopharynx, however, data establishing efficacy in the subsequent prevention of either rheumatic fever or bacterial endocarditis are not available.
4.2 Posology and method of administration
Posology
Adults (including elderly): The usual adult dosage for mild to moderately-severe infections is 250 mg every eight hours. A dosage of 250mg, administered 3 times daily for 10 days, is recommended for sinusitis. For more severe infections or those caused by less susceptible organisms, doses may be doubled to 500 mg every eight hours. Doses of 4 g per day have been administered safely to normal subjects for 28 days but the total daily dosage should not exceed this amount.
Paediatric population: The usual recommended daily dosage for mild to moderately-severe infections in children is 20 mg/kg/day in divided doses every eight hours. For bronchitis and pneumonia, the dosage is 20 mg/kg/day in divided doses administered three times daily. Safety and efficacy have not been established for use in infants aged less than one month.
In more serious infections, otitis media and infections caused by less susceptible organisms, 40 mg/kg/day in divided doses is recommended up to a daily maximum of 1 g.
In the treatment of beta-haemolytic streptococcal infections, therapy should be continued for at least 10 days.
Patients with impaired renal function:
Cefaclor may be administered in the presence of impaired renal function. Under such conditions dosage is unchanged. Cefaclor should be administered with caution in the presence of markedly impaired renal function. Since the half-life of cefaclor in anuric patients is 2.3 to 2.8 hours (compared to 0.6 to 0.9 hours in normal subjects), dosage adjustments for patients with moderate or severe renal impairment are not usually required. Clinical experience with cefaclor under such conditions is limited; therefore, careful clinical observation and laboratory studies should be made.
Patients undergoing haemodialysis:
Haemodialysis shortens serum half-life by 25-30%. In patients undergoing regular haemodialysis, a loading dose of 250mg-1g administered prior to dialysis and a therapeutic dose of 250-500mg every six to eight hours maintained during interdialytic periods is recommended.
Method of administration Cefaclor is administered orally.
Contraindications
4.3
Cefaclor is contra-indicated in patients with hypersensitivity to the cephalosporin group of antibiotics or any of its excipients (as listed in section 6.1).
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
Warnings: Before instituting therapy with cefaclor, every effort should be made to determine whether the patient has had previous hypersensitivity reactions to cefaclor, cephalosporins, penicillins or other drugs. Cefaclor should be given cautiously to penicillin-sensitive patients because cross-hypersensitivity, including anaphylaxis, among beta-lactam antibiotics has been clearly documented.
If an allergic reaction to cefaclor occurs, the drug should be discontinued and the patient treated with the appropriate agents.
Pseudomembranous colitis has been reported with virtually all broad-spectrum antibiotics including macrolides, semi-synthetic penicillins and cephalosporins. It is important, therefore, to consider its diagnosis in patients who develop diarrhoea in association with the use of antibiotics. Such colitis may range in severity from mild to life-threatening. Mild cases usually respond to drug discontinuance alone. In moderate to severe cases, appropriate measures should be taken. Use of peristalsis-inhibiting preparations is contra-indicated in such situations.
Precautions: Cefaclor should he administered with caution in the presence of markedly impaired renal function. The half-life of cefaclor in anuric patients is 2.3 to
2.8 hours (compared to 0.6-0.9 hours in normal subjects). Dosage adjustments for patients with moderate or severe renal impairment may be necessary. Clinical experience with cefaclor under such conditions is limited, therefore careful clinical observation and laboratory studies should be made.
Broad-spectrum antibiotics should be prescribed with caution in individuals with a history of gastro-intestinal disease, particularly colitis.
Prolonged use of cefaclor may result in the overgrowth of non-susceptible organisms. If superinfection occurs during therapy, appropriate measures should be taken.
Positive direct Coombs' tests have been reported during treatment with the cephalosporin antibiotics. In haematological studies or in transfusion cross-matching procedures when anti-globulin tests are performed on the minor side, or in Coombs' testing of newborns whose mothers have received cephalosporin antibiotics before parturition, it should be recognised that a positive Coombs' test may be due to the drug.
A false-positive reaction for glucose in the urine may occur with Benedict's or Fehling's solutions or with Copper sulphate test tablets.
Cross-resistance may exist between penicillins and cephalosporins.
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
There have been rare reports of increased prothrombin time, with or without clinical bleeding, in patients receiving cefaclor and warfarin concomitantly. It is recommended that in such patients, regular monitoring of prothrombin time should be considered with adjustment of dosage if necessary.
A combination with oral contraceptives may require dose adjustment.
The absorption of cefaclor may be reduced by antacids.
The renal excretion of cefaclor is inhibited by probenecid
4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Pregnancy
Cefalcor should not be administered during pregnancy unless considered by the physician. Animal studies have shown no evidence of impaired fertility or teratogenicity. However, since there are no adequate or well-controlled studies in pregnant women, caution should be exercised when prescribing for the pregnant patient.
Breast-feeding
Small amounts of cefaclor have been detected in breast milk following administration of single 500 mg doses. Average levels of about 0.2 micrograms/ml or less were detected up to five hours later. Trace amounts were detected at one hour. As the effect on nursing infants is not known, caution should be exercised when cefaclor is administered to a nursing woman.
4.7. Effects on Ability to Drive and Use Machines
No effect has been reported.
4.8 Undesirable effects
Blood and lymphatic system disorders: Eosinophilia, positive Coombs' tests and, rarely, thrombocytopenia. Transient lymphocytosis, leucopenia and, rarely, haemolytic anaemia, aplastic anaemia, agranulocytosis and reversible neutropenia of possible clinical significance have also been reported. See 'Drug Interactions'.
Immune system disorders: Allergic reactions such as morbiliform eruptions, pruritus and urticaria have been observed. These reactions usually subside upon discontinuation of therapy. Serum sickness-like reactions (erythema multiforme minor, rashes or other skin manifestations accompanied by arthritis/arthralgia, with or without fever) have been reported. Lymphadenopathy and proteinuria are infrequent, there are no circulating immune complexes and no evidence of sequelae.
Occasionally, solitary symptoms may oocur, but do not represent a serum sicknesslike reaction. Serum sickness-like reactions are apparently due to hypersensitivity and have usually occurred during or following a second (or subsequent) course of therapy with cefaclor. Such reactions have been reported more frequently in children than in adults. Signs and symptoms usually occur a few days after initiation of therapy and usually subside within a few days of cessation of therapy. Antihistamines and corticosteroids appear to enhance resolution of the syndrome. No serious sequelae have been reported.
There are rare reports of erythema multiforme major (Stevens-Johnson syndrome), toxic epidermal necrolysis and anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis may be more common in patients with a history of penicillin allergy. Anaphylactoid events may be solitary symptoms, including angioedema, asthenia, oedema (including face and limbs), dyspnea, paresthesia, syncope, hypotension or vasodilation.
Rarely, hypersensitivity symptoms may persist for several months.
Nervous System disorders: Reversible hyperactivity, nervousness, insomnia, confusion, hypertonia, dizziness, hallucinations and somnolence have been reported rarely.
Beta lactam antibiotics may trigger seizures.
Gastro-intestinal disorders: The most frequent side-effect has been diarrhoea. It is rarely severe enough to warrant cessation of therapy. Colitis, including rare instances of pseudomembranous colitis, has been reported. Nausea and vomiting have also occurred.
Hepato-biliary disorders: Transient hepatitis and cholestatic jaundice have been reported rarely, slight elevations in AST, ALT or alkaline phosphatase values.
Renal and urinary disorders: Reversible interstitial nephritis has occurred rarely, also slight elevations in blood urea or serum creatinine or abnormal urinalysis.
Toxic nephropathy has been observed with other beta-lactam antibiotics.
Reproductive system and breast disorders: Genital pruritus, vaginitis andvaginal moniliasis.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.
4.9 Overdose
Symptoms of nausea, vomiting, epigastric distress and diarrhoea would be anticipated.
Treatment: Unless five times the normal total daily dose has been ingested, gastrointestinal decontamination will be not necessary.
General management may consist of supportive therapy.
5 PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
ATC code: J01DC04 General properties
Cefaclor is a semi-synthetic, orally active, 2nd generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other ^-lactam antibiotics cefaclor owes its antibacterial activity to its ability to bind to and inhibit the action of certain bacterial cell wall synthetic enzymes, namely the penicillin binding proteins. The results of inhibition of one or more of essential penicillin binding proteins is the interruption of cell wall (peptidoglycan) biosynthesis which leads, through the activity of the cell's autolytic enzymes, to lysis and death.
Breakpoints
The preliminary MIC breakpoints for sensitive, intermediately sensitive or resistant organisms are as follows:
Interpretation
Sensitive
Intermediately Sensitive Resistant
MIC (pg/mL)
< 8 8-16
> 32
Sensitivity
Sensitive: this category includes bacterial species which are fully sensitive to cefaclor i.e. they are inhibited by usually achievable concentrations of cefaclor in blood.
Intermediate sensitive: this category includes bacterial species which have natural intermediate sensitivity to cefaclor as demonstrated by moderate in vitro activity. This category implies possible clinical applicability in body sites where the drug is physiologically concentrated or in situations where high doses of the drug can be used.
Resistant: this category includes bacterial species which are naturally resistant to the antibiotic or with acquired resistance precluding antibiotic treatment with this medicinal product.
The following table gives the antibacterial spectrum of cefaclor. The prevalence of resistance may vary geographically and with time for selected species and local information on resistance is desirable, particularly when treating severe infections. This information gives only an approximate guidance on probabilities whether microorganisms will be susceptible to cefaclor or not.
|
Micro-organisms |
European range of acquired resistance (%) |
|
Sensitive (anaerobes are generally not sensitive) | |
|
Staphylococcus aureus |
9 |
|
Streptococcus pneumoniae |
4.5 |
|
Streptococcus pyogenes |
0.9 |
|
E. coli |
1.5 (hospital isolates) 1.4 (community isolates) |
|
H. influenza |
3.7 |
|
Klebsiellapneumoniae |
8.2 |
|
Branhamellacatarrhalis |
1.7 |
|
Proteus mirabilis |
14.4 |
|
Resistant | |
|
Enterococccusfaecalis | |
|
Methicillin resistant Staph.aureus | |
|
Providenciarengeri | |
|
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | |
|
Serratiamarcescens - |
*consideration should be given to local guidance regarding information on acquired resistance
Other information
Mechanisms of bacterial resistance to Cefaclor:
Bacteria may be resistant to cefaclor due to production of those beta lactamases which can hydrolyse cephalosporins due to alterations in penicillin binding proteins, due to impermeability to the drug or due to drug efflux pumps. One or more of these mechanisms may coexist in the same organism, leading to variable and unpredictable cross-resistance to other beta-lactams and to antibacterial drugs of other classes.
5.2. Pharmacokinetic Properties
Cefaclor is well absorbed after oral administration to fasting subjects. Total absorption is the same whether the drug is given with or without food.
However, when it is taken with food, the peak concentration achieved is 50% to 75% of that observed when the drug is administered to fasting subjects and generally appears from 45 to 60 minutes later. Following administration of 250 mg, 500 mg and 1 g doses to fasting subjects, average peak serum levels of approximately 7, 13 and 23 pg/l, respectively, were obtained within 30 to 60 minutes. Approximately 60% to 85% of the drug is excreted unchanged in the urine within eight hours, the greater portion being excreted within the first two hours. During the eight hour period, peak urine concentrations following the 250 mg, 500 mg and 1 g doses were approximately 600, 900 and 1900 pg/l respectively. The serum half-life in normal subjects is 0.6 to 0.9 hours. In patients with reduced renal function, the serum half-life of cefaclor is slightly prolonged. In those with complete absence of renal function, the plasma halflife of the intact molecules is 2.3 to 2.8 hours. Excretion pathways in patients with markedly impaired renal function have not been determined. Haemodialysis shortens the half-life by 25% to 30%.
The Cefaclor plasma concentrations for various doses are shown in the table below:
Cefaclor plasma concentrations for doses of 250 mg, 500 mg and 1000 mg.
|
N=10 | |||
|
Time(h) |
250mg |
500mg |
1000mg |
|
0.5 |
4.38 ± 1.32 |
8.22 ± 2.66 |
8.82 ± 2.85 |
|
1.0 |
6.3 1 ± 0.95 |
15.22 ± 2.39 |
25.44 ± 3.70 |
|
2.0 |
1.94 ± 0.47 |
6.99 ± 1.49 |
12.74 ± 4.50 |
|
4.0 |
0.20 ± 0.18 |
1.83 ± 0.90 |
1.94 ± 0.28 |
|
6.0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Protein binding of cefaclor is 25%.
5.3. Pre-clinical Safety Data
Cefaclor is well established for its pharmacological and toxicological properties. There are no preclinical data of clinical concern.
6. PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS
6.1. List of Excipients
Pregelatinised starch Colloidal anhydrous silica Croscarmellose sodium Magnesium stearate
Capsule Shell Gelatin
Ponceau 4R (E124)
Carmoisine (E122)
Brilliant Blue (E133)
Titanium Dioxide (E171)
Black iron oxide (E172) (500mg) Methylparahydroxyb enzoate Propylparahydroxybenzoate
Black Ink Shellac
Propylene glycol Black iron oxide (E172) Potassium hydroxide
6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable
6.3. Shelf Life
Two years
6.4. Special Precautions for Storage
Do not store above 25°C. Store in the original package protected from light and moisture.
6.5 Nature and contents of container
Plastic (HDPE) bottles with polypropylene child resistant closure containing 100 capsules.
Packs with blister strips (PVC/PVdC) blister with aluminium foil backing containing 12, 15, 16, 20, 21, 30, 32, 50, or 100 capsules.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
6.6. Instruction for Use, Handling and Disposal
None
7 MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER
Ranbaxy (UK) Limited Building 4, Chiswick Park 566 Chiswick High Road London, W4 5YE United Kingdom
8. MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER
Cefaclor capsules USP 500mg PL 14894/0002
9 DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION
20/08/2006
10 DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT
20/08/2015