SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

1    NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT

Amantadine Hydrochloride 100 mg Capsules

2    QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION

Each capsule contains 100 mg amantadine hydrochloride.

Each capsule also contains 15.8 mg of lactose monohydrate.

For a full list of excipients, see section 6.1.

3    PHARMACEUTICAL FORM

Capsule, hard (Capsules).

Brownish-red, hard gelatin capsules containing white to off-white powder.

4    CLINICAL PARTICULARS

4.1    Therapeutic indications

Parkinson's disease.

Herpes zoster. It is recommended that Amantadine Hydrochloride be given to elderly or debilitated patients in whom the physician suspects that a severe and painful rash could occur. Amantadine Hydrochloride can significantly reduce the proportion of patients experiencing pain of long duration.

Prophylaxis and treatment of signs and symptoms of infection caused by influenza A virus. It is suggested that Amantadine Hydrochloride be given to patients suffering from clinical influenza in which complications might be expected to occur. In addition, Amantadine Hydrochloride is recommended prophylactically in cases particularly at risk. This can include those with chronic respiratory disease or debilitating conditions, the elderly and those living in crowded conditions. It can also be used for individuals in families where influenza has already been diagnosed, for control of institutional outbreaks or for those in essential services who are unvaccinated or when vaccination is unavailable or contra-indicated.

Amantadine Hydrochloride does not completely prevent the host immune response to influenza A infection, so individuals who take this drug still develop immune responses to the natural disease or vaccination and may be protected when later exposed to antigenically related viruses. Amantadine Hydrochloride may also be used in post-exposure prophylaxis in conjunction with inactivated vaccine during an outbreak until protective antibodies develop, or in patients who are not expected to have a substantial antibody response (immunosuppression).

4.2 Posology and method of administration

Parkinson’s disease:

■    Initially 100mg daily for the first week, increasing to 100mg twice daily. The dose can be titrated against signs and symptoms. Doses exceeding 200mg daily may provide some additional relief, but may also be associated with increasing toxicity. A dose of 400mg/day should not be exceeded. The dose should be increased gradually, at intervals of not less than 1 week. Since patients over 65 years of age tend to show lower renal clearance and consequently higher plasma concentrations, the lowest effective dose should be used.

■    Amantadine acts within a few days, but may appear to lose efficacy within a few months of continuous treatment. Its effectiveness may be prolonged by withdrawal for three to four weeks, which seems to restore activity. During this time, existing concomitant antiparkinsonian therapy should be continued, or low dose L-dopa treatment initiated if clinically necessary. Amantadine withdrawal should be gradual, e.g. half the dose at weekly intervals. Abrupt discontinuation may exacerbate Parkinsonism, regardless of the patient’s response to therapy (see Section 4.4, “Special warnings and precautions for use”). Combined treatment: any antiparkinson drug already in use should be continued during initial Amantadine treatment. It may then be possible to reduce the other drug gradually. If increased side effects occur, the dosage should be reduced more quickly. In patients receiving large doses of anticholinergic agents or L-dopa, the initial phase of Amantadine treatment should be extended to 15 days.

Herpes zoster:

■    100mg twice daily for 14 days. Treatment should be started as soon as possible after diagnosis. If post-herpetic pain persists treatment can be continued for a further 14 days.

Influenza A:

■    Treatment - It is advisable to start treating influenza as early as possible and to continue for 4 to 5 days. When amantadine is started within 48 hours of symptoms appearing, the duration of fever and other effects is reduced by one or two days and the inflammatory reaction of the bronchial tree that usually accompanies influenza resolves more quickly.

■    Prophylaxis - Treat daily for as long as protection from infection is required. In most instances this is expected to be for 6 weeks. When used with inactivated influenza A vaccine, amantadine is continued for 2 to 3 weeks following inoculation.

■    Adults: 100mg daily for the recommended period.

■    Children aged 10-15 years: 100mg daily for the recommended period.

■    Children under 10years of age: Dosage not established.

■    Adults over 65 years of age: Plasma amantadine concentrations are influenced by renal function. In elderly patients, the elimination half-life is longer and renal clearance of the compound is diminished in comparison to young people. A daily dose of less than 100mg, or 100mg given at intervals of greater than one day, may be appropriate.

In patients with renal impairment: the dose of amantadine should be reduced.

This can be achieved by either reducing the total daily dose, or by increasing

the dosage interval in accordance with the creatinine clearance. For example,

Creatinine clearance ml/(min)	Dose
< 15	Amantadine contra-indicated.
15 - 35	100mg every 2 to 3 days.
> 35	100mg every day

The above recommendations are for guidance only and physicians should continue to monitor their patients for signs of unwanted effects.

4.3 Contraindications

Known hypersensitivity to amantadine or any of the excipients. Individuals subject to convulsions. A history of gastric ulceration. Severe renal disease. Pregnancy.

4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use

Amantadine should be used with caution in patients with confusional or hallucinatory states or underlying psychiatric disorders, in patients with liver or kidney disorders, and those suffering from, or who have a history of, cardiovascular disorders. Caution should be applied when prescribing amantadine with other medications having an effect on the CNS (See section 4.5, Interactions with other medicaments and other forms of interaction).

Abrupt discontinuation of amantadine may result in worsening of Parkinsonism or in symptoms resembling neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), as well as in cognitive manifestations (e.g. catatonia, confusion, disorientation, worsening of mental status, delirium). Amantadine should not be stopped abruptly in patients who are treated concurrently with neuroleptics. There have been isolated reports of precipitation or aggravation of neuroleptic malignant syndrome or neuroleptic-induced catatonia following the withdrawal of amantadine in patients taking neuroleptic agents. A similar syndrome has also been reported rarely following withdrawal of amantadine and other anti-parkinson agents in patients who were not taking concurrent psychoactive medication.

Resistance to amantadine occurs during serial passage of influenza virus strains in vitro or in vivo in the presence of the drug. Apparent transmission of drug-resistant viruses may have been the cause of failure of prophylaxis and treatment in household contacts and in nursing-home patients. However, there is no evidence to date that the resistant virus produces a disease that is in any way different from that produced by sensitive viruses.

As some individuals have attempted suicide with amantadine, prescriptions should be written for the smallest quantity consistent with good patient management.

Peripheral oedema (thought to be due to an alteration in the responsiveness of peripheral vessels) may occur in some patients during chronic treatment (not usually before four weeks) with Amantadine. This should be taken into account in patients with congestive heart failure.

Amantadine has anticholinergic effects, it should not be given to patients with untreated angle closure glaucoma.

Hypothermia has been observed in children, especially in those younger than 5 years of age. Caution should be exercised when prescribing Amantadine Hydrochloride to children for the prevention and treatment of influenza type A virus (see also section 4.2 Posology and method of administration).

Amantadine Hydrochloride Capsules contain lactose monohydrate. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.

4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction

Concurrent administration of amantadine and anticholinergic agents or levodopa may increase confusion, hallucinations, nightmares, gastro-intestinal disturbances, or other atropine-like side effects (see Section 4.9 “Overdose”). Psychotic reactions have been observed in patients receiving amantadine and levodopa.

In isolated cases, worsening of psychotic symptoms has been reported in patients receiving amantadine and concomitant neuroleptic medication.

Concurrent administration of amantadine and drugs or substances (e.g. alcohol) acting on the CNS may result in additive CNS toxicity. Close observation is recommended (see Section 4.9 “Overdose”).

There have been isolated reports of a suspected interaction between amantadine and combination diuretics (hydrochlorothiazide + potassium sparing diuretics). One or both of the components apparently reduce the clearance of amantadine, leading to higher plasma concentrations and toxic effects (confusion, hallucinations, ataxia, myoclonus).

4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation

Amantadine-related complications during pregnancy have been reported. Amantadine is contra-indicated during pregnancy and in women trying to become pregnant. Amantadine passes into breast milk. Undesirable effects have been reported in breastfed infants. Nursing mothers should not take Amantadine.

4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines

Patients should be warned of the potential hazards of driving or operating machinery if they experience side effects such as dizziness or blurred vision.

4.8 Undesirable effects

Amantadine's undesirable effects are often mild and transient, usually appearing within the first 2 to 4 days of treatment and promptly disappearing 24 to 48 hours after discontinuation. A direct relationship between dose and incidence of side effects has not been demonstrated, although there seems to be a tendency towards more frequent undesirable effects (particularly affecting the CNS) with increasing doses.

The side effects reported after the pivotal clinical studies in influenza in over 1200 patients receiving amantadine at 100mg daily were mostly mild, transient, and equivalent to placebo. Only 7% of subjects reported adverse events, many being similar to the effects of influenza itself. The most commonly reported effects were gastro-intestinal disturbances (anorexia, nausea), CNS effects (loss of concentration, dizziness, agitation, nervousness, depression, insomnia, fatigue, weakness), or myalgia.

Adverse reactions (Table 1) are ranked under heading of frequency, the most frequent first, using the following convention: very common (greater than or equal to 1 in 10); common (less than or equal to 1 in 100, less than 1 in 10); uncommon (greater than or equal to 1 in 1,000, less than 1 in 100); rare (greater than or less than 1 in 10,000, less than 1 in 1,000) very rare (less than 1 in 10,000), not known (where no valid estimate of the incidence has been derived).

NB: The incidence and severity of some of the adverse reactions, noted below, varies according to the dosage and nature of the disease under treatment.

Table 1

Blood and lymphatic system disorders:
Very rare:	Leucopenia, reversible elevation of liver enzymes
Nervous system disorders:
Common:	Anxiety, elevation of mood, lightheadedness, headache, lethargy, hallucinations, nightmares, ataxia, slurred speech, blurred vision, loss of concentration, nervousness, depression, insomnia, myalgia. Hallucinations, confusion and nightmares1
Uncommon:	Confusion, disorientation, psychosis, tremor, dyskinesia, convulsions, neuroleptic malignant-like syndrome
Not known:	Delirium, hypomanic state and mania2
Eye disorders:
Rare:	corneal lesions, e.g. punctate subepithelial opacities which might be associated with superficial punctate keratitis, corneal epithelial oedema, and markedly reduced visual acuity
Cardiac disorders:
Very common:	Oedema of ankles, livedo reticularis3
Common:	Palpitations, orthostatic hypotension
Very rare:	Heart insufficiency/failure
Gastrointestinal disorders:
Common:	Dry mouth, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation
Rare:	Diarrhoea
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders:
Common:	Diaphoresis
Rare:	Exanthema
Very Rare:	Photosensitisation
Renal and urinary disorders:
Rare:	Urinary retention, urinary incontinence
General disorders:
Not known:	Hypothermia4

'More common when amantadine is administered concurrently with anticholinergic agents or when the patient has an underlying psychiatric disorder.

²Reported but their incidence cannot be readily deduced from the literature.

³Usually after very high doses or use over many months.

⁴ In post-marketing exposure hypothermia has been reported in children mainly those younger than 5 years of age (see also section 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use). The frequency cannot be established.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme (Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard).

4.9 Overdose

Overdose with Amantadine can lead to fatal outcome.

Signs and symptoms: Neuromuscular disturbances and symptoms of acute psychosis are prominent. Central nervous system: Hyperreflexia, motor restlessness, convulsions, extrapyramidal signs, torsion spasms, dystonic posturing, dilated pupils, dysphagia, confusion, disorientation, delirium, visual hallucinations, myoclonus. Respiratory system: hyperventilation, pulmonary oedema, respiratory distress, including adult respiratory distress syndrome. Cardiovascular system: cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death have been reported. Sinus tachycardia, arrhythmia, hypertension. Gastrointestinal system: nausea, vomiting, dry mouth. Renal function: urine retention, renal dysfunction, including increase in BUN and decreased creatinine clearance.

Overdose from combined drug treatment: the effects of anticholinergic drugs are increased by amantadine. Acute psychotic reactions (which may be identical to those of atropine poisoning) may occur when large doses of anticholinergic agents are used. Where alcohol or central nervous stimulants have been taken at the same time, the signs and symptoms of acute poisoning with amantadine may be aggravated and/or modified.

Management: There is no specific antidote. Induction of vomiting and/or gastric aspiration (and lavage if patient is conscious), activated charcoal or saline cathartic may be used if judged appropriate. Since amantadine is excreted mainly unchanged in the urine, maintenance of renal function and copious diuresis (forced diuresis if necessary) are effective ways to remove it from the blood stream. Acidification of the urine favours its excretion. Haemodialysis does not remove significant amounts of amantadine.

Monitor the blood pressure, heart rate, ECG, respiration and body temperature, and treat for possible hypotension and cardiac arhythmias, as necessary. Convulsions and excessive motor restlessness: administer anticonvulsants such as diazepam iv, paraldehyde im or per rectum, or phenobarbital im. Acute psychotic symptoms, delirium, dystonicposturing, myoclonic manifestations: physostigmine by slow iv infusion (1mg doses in adults, 0.5mg in children) repeated administration according to the initial response and the subsequent need, has been reported. Retention of urine: bladder should be catheterised; an indwelling catheter can be left in place for the time required.

5 PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antiparkinsonian agent / Anti-influenzal virostatic

ATC Code: N04B B01

Parkinson's Disease: Amantadine has been shown to be a low affinity antagonist at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptors. Overactivity of glutamatergic neurotransmission has been implicated in the generation of parkinsonian symptoms. The clinical efficacy of amantadine is thought to be mediated through its antagonism at the NMDA subtype of glutamate receptors. In addition, amantadine may also exert some anticholinergic activity.

Herpes Zoster: The mechanism of action of Amantadine in herpes zoster has not been fully characterised.

Influenza A Virus: Amantadine specifically inhibits the replication of influenza A viruses at low concentrations. If using a sensitive plaque-reduction assay, human influenza viruses, including HjNi, H₂N₂ and H₃N₂ subtypes, are inhibited by <0.4pg/ml of amantadine. Amantadine inhibits an early stage in viral replication by blocking the proton pump of the M₂ protein in the virus. This has two actions; it stops the virus uncoating and inactivates newly synthesised viral haemagglutinin. Effects on late replicative steps have been found for representative avian influenza viruses.

Data from tests with representative strains of influenza A virus indicate that Amantadine Hydrochloride is likely to be active against previously unknown strains, and could be used in the early stages of an epidemic, before a vaccine against the causative strain is generally available.

5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties

Absorption: Amantadine is absorbed slowly but almost completely. Peak plasma concentrations of approximately 250ng/ml and 500ng/ml are seen 3 to 4 hours after single oral administration of 100mg and 200mg amantadine, respectively. Following repeated administration of 200mg daily, the steady-state plasma concentration settles at 300ng/ml within 3 days.

Distribution: Amantadine accumulates after several hours in nasal secretions and crosses the blood-brain barrier (this has not been quantified). In vitro, 67% is bound to plasma proteins, with a substantial amount bound to red blood cells. The concentration in erythrocytes in normal healthy volunteers is 2.66 times the plasma concentration. The apparent volume of distribution is 5 to 10L/kg, suggesting extensive tissue binding. This declines with increasing doses. The concentrations in the lung, heart, kidney, liver and spleen are higher than in the blood.

Biotransformation: Amantadine is metabolised to a minor extent, principally by N-acetylation.

Elimination: The drug is eliminated in healthy young adults with a mean plasma elimination half-life of 15 hours (10 to 31 hours). The total plasma clearance is about the same as renal clearance (250ml/min). The renal amantadine clearance is much higher than the creatinine clearance, suggesting renal tubular secretion. After 4 to 5 days, 90% of the dose appears unchanged in urine. The rate is considerably influenced by urinary pH: a rise in pH brings about a fall in excretion.

Characteristics in special patient populations:

Elderly patients: compared with healthy young adults, the half-life may be doubled and renal clearance diminished. Tubular secretion diminishes more than glomerular filtration in the elderly. In elderly patients with renal impairment, repeated administration of 100mg daily for 14 days raised the plasma concentration into the toxic range.

Renal impairment: amantadine may accumulate in renal failure, causing severe side effects. The rate of elimination from plasma correlates to creatinine clearance divided by body surface area, although total renal elimination exceeds this value (possibly due to tubular secretion). The effects of reduced kidney function are dramatic: a reduction of creatinine clearance to 40ml/min may result in a five-fold increase in elimination half-life. The urine is the almost exclusive route of excretion, even with renal failure, and amantadine may persist in the plasma for several days. Haemodialysis does not remove significant amounts of amantadine, possibly due to extensive tissue binding.

5.3    Preclinical safety data

Reproductive toxicity studies were performed in rats and rabbits. In rat oral doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg proved to be teratogenic. The maximum recommended dose of 400mg is less than 6mg/kg.

There are no other pre-clinical data of relevance to the prescriber which are additional to those already included in other sections of the Summary of Product Characteristics.

6    PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS

6.1    List of excipients

Lactose monohydrate Povidone K30 Magnesium stearate

Capsule Shell:

Gelatin

Titanium dioxide (E171)

Iron oxide red (E172)

6.2 Incompatibilities

Not applicable.

6.3 Shelf life

24 months

6.4 Special precautions for storage

This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions.

6.5 Nature and contents of container

PVC/PVdC foiled aluminium blister.

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