Bisoprolol Fumarate 2.5 Mg Film-Coated Tablets
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
1 NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT
Bisoprolol fumarate 2.5 mg film-coated tablets
2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
Each tablet contains 2.5 mg of bisoprolol fumarate
Excipient(s) with known effect:
Each tablet contains:
30 mg lactose (anhydrous)
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
3 PHARMACEUTICAL FORM
Film-coated tablet
Grey, oval, biconvex film coated tablets with side notches; ‘BL & 2’ engraved on either side of the scoreline on one face of the tablet; ‘M’ engraved on the other face of the tablet.
The tablet can be divided into equal doses.
4 CLINICAL PARTICULARS
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Treatment of hypertension.
Treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris.
Treatment of stable chronic heart failure with reduced systolic ventricular function in addition to ACE inhibitors, and diuretics, and optionally cardiac glycosides (for additional information see section 5.1).
4.2 Posology and method of administration
Posology
Treatment of hypertension and chronic stable angina pectoris Adults
The dosage should be individually adjusted. It is recommended to start with 5 mg per day. The usual dose is 10 mg once daily with a maximum recommended dose of 20 mg per day.
Patients with renal or liver impairment
In patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance < 20 ml/min) and in patients with severe liver function disorders the dose should not exceed 10 mg once daily. This dosage may eventually be divided into halves.
Elderly
No dosage adjustment is normally required. It is recommended to start with the lowest possible dose.
Paediatric population
There is no experience with bisoprolol in children, therefore its use cannot be recommended for children.
Discontinuation of treatment
Treatment should not be stopped abruptly (see section 4.4). The dosage should be diminished slowly by a weekly halving of the dose.
Treatment of stable chronic heart failure
Adults
Standard treatment of CHF consists of an ACE inhibitor (or an angiotensin receptor blocker in case of intolerance to ACE inhibitors), a beta-blocking agent, diuretics, and when appropriate cardiac glycosides. Patients should be stable (without acute failure) when bisoprolol treatment is initiated.
It is recommended that the treating physician should be experienced in the management of chronic heart failure.
Titration phase
The treatment of stable chronic heart failure with bisoprolol requires a titration phase.
The treatment with bisoprolol is to be started with a gradual uptitration according to the following steps:
- 1.25 mg once daily for 1 week, if well tolerated increase to
- 2.5 mg once daily for a further week, if well tolerated increase to
- 3.75 mg once daily for a further week, if well tolerated increase to
- 5 mg once daily for the 4 following weeks, if well tolerated increase to
- 7.5 mg once daily for the 4 following weeks, if well tolerated increase to
- 10 mg once daily for the maintenance therapy.
The maximum recommended dose is 10 mg once daily.
Transient worsening of heart failure, hypotension, or bradycardia may occur during the titration period and thereafter.
Close monitoring of vital signs (heart rate, blood pressure) and symptoms of worsening heart failure is recommended during the titration phase. Symptoms may occur within the first day after initiating the therapy.
Treatment modification
If the maximum recommended dose is not well tolerated, gradual dose reduction may be considered.
In case of transient worsening of heart failure, hypotension, or bradycardia reconsideration of the dosage of the concomitant medication is recommended. It may also be necessary to temporarily lower the dose of bisoprolol or to consider discontinuation.
The reintroduction and/or uptitration of bisoprolol should always be considered when the patient becomes stable again.
If discontinuation is considered, gradual dose decrease is recommended, since abrupt withdrawal may lead to acute deterioration of the patients condition.
Treatment of stable chronic heart failure with bisoprolol is generally a long-term treatment.
Special populations Renal or liver impairment
There is no information regarding pharmacokinetics of bisoprolol in patients with chronic heart failure and with impaired hepatic or renal function. Titration of the dose in these populations should therefore be made with particular caution.
Elderly
No dosage adjustment is normally required.
Paediatric population
There is no experience with bisoprolol in children, therefore its use cannot be recommended for children.
Method of administration
For oral use.
Bisoprolol fumarate tablets should be taken in the morning and can be taken with food. They should be swallowed with liquid and should not be chewed.
4.3 Contraindications
Bisoprolol is contraindicated in patients with:
• hypersensitivity to the active substance(s) or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1
• acute heart failure or during episodes of heart failure decompensation requiring i.v. inotropic therapy
• cardiogenic shock
• second or third degree AV block
• sick sinus syndrome
• sinoatrial block
• symptomatic bradycardia
• symptomatic hypotension
• severe bronchial asthma or severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• severe forms of peripheral arterial occlusive disease or severe forms of Raynaud's syndrome
• untreated phaeochromocytoma (see section 4.4)
• metabolic acidosis
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
Special warnings
Applies only to chronic heart failure:
The treatment of stable chronic heart failure with bisoprolol has to be initiated with a special titration phase (see section 4.2)
Applies to all indications:
Especially in patients with ischaemic heart disease the cessation of therapy with bisoprolol must not be done abruptly unless clearly indicated, because this may lead to transitional worsening of heart condition (see section 4.2).
Tablet contains lactose (anhydrous) - patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine
Precautions
Applies only to hypertension or angina pectoris:
Bisoprolol must be used with caution in patients with hypertension or angina pectoris and accompanying heart failure.
Applies only to chronic heart failure:
The initiation and cessation of treatment with bisoprolol necessitates regular monitoring. For the posology and method of administration please (see section 4.2).
There is no therapeutic experience of bisoprolol treatment in heart failure in patients with the following diseases and conditions:
• insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (type I)
• severely impaired renal function
• severely impaired liver function
• restrictive cardiomyopathy
• congenital heart disease
• haemodynamically significant organic valvular disease
• myocardial infarction within 3 months Applies to all indications:
Bisoprolol must be used with caution in:
• bronchospasm (bronchial asthma, obstructive airways diseases)
• diabetes mellitus showing large fluctuations in blood glucose values. Symptoms of hypoglycaemia (e.g. tachycardia, palpitations or sweating) can be masked,
• strict fasting,
• ongoing desensitisation therapy. As with other beta-blockers, bisoprolol may increase both the sensitivity towards allergens and the severity of anaphylactic reactions. Epinephrine treatment may not always yield the expected therapeutic effect,
• First degree AV block,
• Prinzmetal's angina,
• peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Aggravation of symptoms may occur especially when starting therapy.
Patients with psoriasis or with a history of psoriasis should only be given beta-blockers (e.g. bisoprolol) after a careful balancing of benefits against risks.
The symptoms of thyrotoxicosis may be masked under treatment with bisoprolol.
In patients with phaeochromocytoma bisoprolol must not be administered until after alpha-receptor blockade.
In patients undergoing general anaesthesia beta-blockade reduces the incidence of arrhythmias and myocardial ischemia during induction and intubation, and the postoperative period. It is currently recommended that maintenance of beta-blockade be continued peri-operatively. The anaesthetist must be aware of beta-blockade because of the potential for interactions with other drugs, resulting in bradyarrhythmias, attenuation of reflex tachycardia, and decreased reflex ability to compensate for blood loss. If it is thought necessary to withdraw beta-blocker therapy before surgery, this should be done gradually and completed about 48 hours before anaesthesia.
In bronchial asthma or other chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, which may cause symptoms, concomitant bronchodilating therapy is recommended. Occasionally an increase of the airway resistance may occur in patients with asthma, therefore the dose of beta2-stimulants may have to be increased.
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Combinations not recommended:
Applies only to chronic heart failure:
• Class-I antiarrhythmic drugs (e.g. disopyramide, quinidine, lidocaine, phenytoin; flecainide, propafenone): Effect on atrio-ventricular conduction time may be potentiated and negative inotropic effect increased.
Applies to all indications:
• Calcium antagonists of the verapamil type and to a lesser extent of the diltiazem type: Negative influence on contractility and atrio-ventricular conduction. Intravenous administration of verapamil in patients on beta-blocker treatment may lead to profound hypotension and atrioventricular block.
• Centrally acting antihypertensive drugs (e.g. clonidine, methyldopa, moxonodine, rilmenidine): Concomitant use of centrally acting antihypertensive drugs may further decrease the central sympathetic tonus (reduction of heart rate and cardiac output, vasodilation). Abrupt withdrawal, particularly if prior to beta-blocker discontinuation, may increase risk of “rebound hypertension”.
Combinations to be used with caution:
Applies only to hypertension or angina pectoris:
• Class-I antiarrhythmic drugs (e.g. disopyramide, quinidine, lidocaine, phenytoin; flecainide, propafenone): Effect on atrio-ventricular conduction time may be potentiated and negative inotropic effect increased.
Applies to all indications:
• Calcium antagonists of the dihydropyridine type (e.g. amlodipine, felodipine): Concomitant use may increase the risk of hypotension, and an increase in the risk of a further deterioration of the ventricular pump function in patients with heart failure cannot be excluded.
• Class-III antiarrhythmic drugs (e.g. amiodarone): Effect on atrio-ventricular conduction time may be potentiated.
• Topical beta-blockers (e.g. eye drops for glaucoma treatment) may add to the systemic effects of bisoprolol.
• Parasympathomimetic drugs: Concomitant use may increase atrio-ventricular conduction time and the risk of bradycardia.
• Insulin and oral antidiabetic drugs: Increase of blood sugar lowering effect. Blockade of beta-adrenoreceptors may mask symptoms of hypoglycaemia.
• Anaesthetic agents: Attenuation of the reflex tachycardia and increase of the risk of hypotension (for further information on general anaesthesia see also section 4.4).
• Digitalis glycosides: Reduction of heart rate, increase of atrio-ventricular conduction time.
• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): NSAIDs may reduce the hypotensive effect of bisoprolol.
• Beta-sympathomimetic agents (e.g. isoprenaline, dobutamine): Combination with bisoprolol may reduce the effect of both agents.
• Sympathomimetics that activate both beta- and alpha-adrenoceptors (e.g. noradrenaline, adrenaline): Combination with bisoprolol may unmask the alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstrictor effects of these agents leading to blood pressure increase and exacerbated intermittent claudication. Such interactions are considered to be more likely with nonselective beta-blockers.
• Concomitant use with antihypertensive agents as well as with other drugs with blood pressure lowering potential (e.g. tricyclic antidepressants, barbiturates, phenothiazines) may increase the risk of hypotension.
Combinations to be considered:
• Mefloquine: increased risk of bradycardia
• Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (except MAO-B inhibitors): Enhanced hypotensive effect of the beta-blockers but also risk for hypertensive crisis.
• Rifampicin: Slight reduction of the half-life of bisoprolol possible due to the induction of hepatic drug -metabolizing enzymes. Normally no dosage adjustment is necessary.
• Ergotamine derivatives: Exacerbation of peripheral circulatory disturbances.
Paediatric population
Interaction studies have only been performed in adults.
4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Pregnancy
Bisoprolol has pharmacological effects that may cause harmful effects on pregnancy and/or the fetus/newborn. In general, P-adrenoceptor blockers reduce placental perfusion, which has been associated with growth retardation, intrauterine death, abortion or early labour. Adverse effects (e.g. hypoglycaemia and bradycardia) may occur in the fetus and newborn infant. If treatment with P-adrenoceptor blockers is necessary, p1-selective adrenoceptor blockers are preferable.
Bisoprolol is not recommended during pregnancy unless clearly necessary. If treatment is considered necessary, monitoring of the uteroplacental blood flow and fetal growth is recommended. In case of harmful effects on pregnancy or the fetus consideration of alternative treatment is recommended. The newborn infant must be closely monitored. Symptoms of hypoglycaemia and bradycardia are generally to be expected within the first 3 days.
Breast-feeding
There are no data on the excretion of bisoprolol in human breast milk or the safety of bisoprolol exposure in infants. Therefore, breastfeeding is not recommended during administration of bisoprolol.
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
In a study of coronary heart disease patients, bisoprolol did not impair driving performance.. However, depending on the individual patients response to treatment an effect on the ability to drive a vehicle or to use machines cannot be excluded. This should be considered particularly at the start of treatment and upon change of medication or in conjunction with alcohol.
4.8 Undesirable effects
The following definitions apply to the frequency terminology used hereafter: Very common (>1/10)
Common (>1/100 to <1/10)
Uncommon (>1/1,000 to <1/100)
Rare (>1/10,000 to <1/1,000)
Very rare (<1/10,000)
Not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).
Psychiatric disorders:
Uncommon: sleep disorders, depression.
Rare: nightmares, hallucinations.
Nervous system disorders:
Common: dizziness*, headache*.
Rare: syncope.
Eye disorders:
Rare: reduced tear flow (to be considered if the patient uses lenses).
Very rare: conjunctivitis.
Ear and labyrinth disorders:
Rare: hearing disorders.
Cardiac disorders:
Very common: bradycardia (in patients with chronic heart failure).
Common: worsening of pre-existing heart failure (in patients with chronic heart failure).
Uncommon: AV-conduction disturbances; worsening of pre-existing heart failure (in patients with hypertension or angina pectoris); bradycardia (in patients with hypertension or angina pectoris).
Vascular disorders:
Common: feeling of coldness or numbness in the extremities, hypotension especially in patients with heart failure.
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders:
Uncommon: bronchospasm in patients with bronchial asthma or a history of obstructive airways disease.
Rare: allergic rhinitis.
Gastrointestinal disorders:
Common: gastrointestinal complaints such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation.
Hepatobiliary disorders:
Rare: hepatitis.
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders:
Rare: hypersensitivity reactions such as itching, flush, rash.
Very rare: beta-blockers may provoke or worsen psoriasis or induce psoriasis-like rash, alopecia.
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders:
Uncommon: muscular weakness, muscle cramps.
Reproductive system and breast disorders:
Rare: potency disorders.
General disorders and administration site conditions:
Common: asthenia (in patients with chronic heart failure), fatigue*.
Uncommon: asthenia (in patients with hypertension or angina pectoris).
Investigations:
Rare: increased triglycerides, increased liver enzymes (ALAT, ASAT)
Paediatric population:
No data are available.
applies only to hypertension or angina pectoris:
*These symptoms especially occur at the beginning of the therapy. They are generally mild and often disappear within 1 to 2 weeks.
4.9 Overdose
Symptoms
The most common signs expected with overdose of a beta-blocker are bradycardia, hypotension, bronchospasm, acute cardiac insufficiency and hypoglycaemia. There is limited experience with overdose of bisoprolol, only a few cases of overdose with bisoprolol have been reported. Bradycardia and/or hypotension were noted. All patients recovered. There is a wide inter-individual variation in sensitivity to one single high dose of bisoprolol and patients with heart failure are probably very sensitive.
Management
In general, if overdose occurs, discontinuation of bisoprolol treatment and supportive and symptomatic treatment is recommended.
Based on the expected pharmacologic actions and recommendations for other beta-blockers, the following general measures may be considered when clinically warranted.
Bradycardia: Administer intravenous atropine. If the response is inadequate, isoprenaline or another agent with positive chronotropic properties may be given cautiously. Under some circumstances, transvenous pacemaker insertion may be necessary.
Hypotension: Intravenous fluids and vasopressors should be administered.
Intravenous glucagon may be useful.
AV block (second or third degree): Patients should be carefully monitored and treated with isoprenaline infusion or temporary pacing.
Acute worsening of heart failure: Administer i.v. diuretics, inotropic agents, vasodilating agents.
Bronchospasm: Administer bronchodilator therapy such as isoprenaline, beta2-sympathomimetic drugs and/or aminophylline.
Hypoglycaemia: Administer i.v. glucose.
Limited data suggest that bisoprolol is hardly dialysable.
5 PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Beta blocking agents, selective, ATC code: C07 AB07 Chronic heart failure:
Mechanism of action
Bisoprolol is a potent, highly beta1-selective adrenoreceptor blocking agent lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic activity and without relevant membrane stabilising activity. It only shows low affinity to the beta2-receptor of the smooth muscles of bronchi and vessels as well as to the beta2-receptors concerned with metabolic regulation. Therefore, bisoprolol is generally not to be expected to influence the airway resistance and beta2-mediated metabolic effects. Its beta1-selectivity extends beyond the therapeutic dose range.
Clinical efficacy
In total 2647 patients were included in the CIBIS II trial. 83% (n = 2202) were in NYHA class III and 17% (n = 445) were in NYHA class IV. They had stable symptomatic systolic heart failure (ejection fraction <35%, based on echocardiography). Total mortality was reduced from 17.3% to 11.8% (relative reduction 34%). A decrease in sudden death (3.6% vs 6.3%, relative reduction 44%) and a reduced number of heart failure episodes requiring hospital admission (12% vs 17.6%, relative reduction 36%) was observed. Finally, a significant improvement of the functional status according to NYHA classification has been shown. During the initiation and titration of bisoprolol hospital admission due to bradycardia (0.53%), hypotension (0.23%), and acute decompensation (4.97%) were observed, but they were not more frequent than in the placebo-group (0%, 0.3% and 6.74%). The numbers of fatal and disabling strokes during the total study period were 20 in the bisoprolol group and 15 in the placebo group.
The CIBIS III trial investigated 1010 patients aged >65 years with mild to moderate chronic heart failure (CHF; NYHA class II or III) and left ventricular ejection fraction <35%, who had not been treated previously with ACE inhibitors, beta-blocking agents, or angiotensin receptor blockers. Patients were treated with a combination of bisoprolol and enalapril for 6 to 24 months after an initial 6 months treatment with either bisoprolol or enalapril.
There was a trend toward higher frequency of chronic heart failure worsening when bisoprolol was used as the initial 6 months treatment. Non inferiority of bisoprolol-first versus enalapril-first treatment was not proven in the per-protocol analysis, although the two strategies for initiation of CHF treatment showed a similar rate of the primary combined endpoint death and hospitalization at study end (32.4% in the bisoprolol-first group vs. 33.1 % in the enalapril-first group, per-protocol population). The study shows that bisoprolol can also be used in elderly chronic heart failure patients with mild to moderate disease.
Hypertension or angina pectoris:
Mechanism of action
Antianginal mechanism: Bisoprolol by inhibiting the cardiac beta receptors inhibits the response given to sympathetic activation. That results in the decrease of heart rate and contractility this way decreasing the oxygen demand of the cardiac muscle.
In acute administration in patients with coronary heart disease without chronic heart failure bisoprolol reduces the heart rate and stroke volume and thus the cardiac output and oxygen consumption. In chronic administration the initially elevated peripheral resistance decreases.
Pharmacodynamic effects
Bisoprolol is used for the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris. As with other Beta-1-blocking agents, the method of acting in hypertension is unclear. However, it is known that Bisoprolol reduces plasma renin activity markedly.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
Absorption
Bisoprolol is absorbed almost completely from the gastrointestinal tract. Together with the very small first pass effect in the liver, this results in a high bioavailability of approximately 90%.
Distribution
The plasma protein binding of bisoprolol is about 30 %. The distribution volume is 3.5 l/kg. The total clearance is approximately 15 l/h.
The plasma elimination half-life (10-12 hours) provides 24 hours efficacy following a once daily dosage.
Biotransformation
50 % is metabolised by the liver to inactive metabolites which are then excreted by the kidneys.
Excretion
Bisoprolol is excreted from the body by two routes, 50 % is metabolised by the liver to inactive metabolites which are then excreted by the kidneys The remaining 50 % is excreted by the kidneys in an unmetabolised form. Since elimination takes place in the kidneys and the liver to the same extent a dosage adjustment is not required for patients with impaired liver function or renal insufficiency.
Other special population
In patients with chronic heart failure (NYHA stage III) the plasma levels of bisoprolol are higher and the half life is prolonged compared to healthy volunteers. Maximum plasma concentration at steady state is 64±21 ng/ml at a daily dose of 10 mg and the half life is 17±5 hours.
5.3 Preclinical safety data
Non-clinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology, repeated dose toxicity, genotoxicity or carcinogenic potential, toxicity to reproduction and development.
Like other beta-blockers, bisoprolol caused maternal (decreased food intake and decreased body weight) and embryo/fetal toxicity (increased incidence of resorptions, reduced birth weight of the offspring, retarded physical development) at high doses but was not teratogenic.
6 PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS
6.1 List of excipients
Tablet
Cellulose microcrystalline Lactose anhydrous Colloidal anhydrous silica Magnesium stearate Sodium lauril sulphate Iron oxide yellow (E172)
Iron oxide red (E172)
Croscarmellose sodium
Film coat
Titanium dioxide (E171)
Polydextrose FCC (E1200)
Hypromellose (E464)
Macrogol
Iron oxide black (E 172)
6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable.
6.3 Shelf life
1.25 mg and 2.5 mg only: Blister: 18 months Bottle: 18 months
6.4 Special precautions for storage
Blister: Store below 25°C. Store in the original packaging in order to protect from moisture. Bottle: Store below 25°C. Store in the original packaging in order to protect from moisture. Use within 100 days of opening. Once open keep bottle tightly closed.
6.5 Nature and contents of container
PVC/Al blister packs. Blister pack comprises of clear transparent PVC film with backing of aluminium foil coated with heat seal lacquer containing 28, 30, 84 and 90 film-coated tablets.
White HDPE bottles with white opaque polypropylene cap containing 100 and 500 film-coated tablets.
Bottle contains a perforated HDPE canister holding silica gel and activated carbon desiccant.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
6.6 Special precautions for disposal
Any unused product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
7 MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER
Generics [UK] Limited t/a Mylan
Station Close
Potters Bar
Hertfordshire
EN6 1TL
United Kingdom
8 MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)
PL 04569/1261
9 DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION
19/11/2010
10 DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT
09/12/2014