Flucloxacillin 500mg Capsules
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
1 NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT
Flucloxacillin 500mg Capsules
2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
Each capsule contains 500 mg of flucloxacillin as flucloxacillin sodium Ph.Eur.
Excipients with known effect:
Each capsule has a sodium content of 52.3 mg per gram For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
3 PHARMACEUTICAL FORM
Capsules
4 CLINICAL PARTICULARS
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Treatment of infections due to sensitive Gram-positive organisms, including infections caused by P-lactamase-producing Staphylococci and Streptococci. Typical indications include:
Skin and soft tissue infections:
Boils Impetigo
Abscesses Infected wounds
Carbuncles Infected burns
Furunculosis Protection for skin grafts
Cellulitis
Infected skin conditions e.g. ulcers, eczema and acne.
Respiratory tract infections:
Pneumonia Pharyngitis
Lung abscess Tonsillitis
Empyema Quinsy
Sinusitis
Otitis media and externa
Other infections caused by flucloxacillin-sensitive organisms:
Osteomyelitis Septicaemia
Enteritis Meningitis
Endocarditis Urinary-tract infection
Flucloxacillin is also indicated for use as a prophylactic during major surgical
procedures such as cardiothoracic and orthopaedic surgery. Parenteral usage is
indicated where oral dosage is inappropriate.
Consideration should be given to official local guidance (e.g. national recommendations) on the appropriate use of antibacterial agents.
Susceptibility of the causative organism to the treatment should be tested (if possible), although therapy may be initiated before the results are available.
4.2 Posology and method of administration
Posology
The dosage depends on the age, weight and renal function of the patient, as well as the severity of the infection.
Adults (including the elderly)
Oral: - 250mg four times daily.
In serious infections, the dosage may be doubled.
Paediatric population
2 - 10 years : 125mg four times daily.
Under 2 years: 62.5mg four times daily.
In cases of severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance < 10ml/min) a reduction in dosage may be necessary. Flucloxacillin is not significantly removed by dialysis and hence no supplementary dosages need to be administered either during, or at the end of the dialysis period.
Endocarditis or osteomyelitis
Up to 8g daily in divided doses six to eight hourly.
Surgical prophylaxis
1 to 2g IV at induction of anaesthesia followed by 500mg six hourly IV, IM or orally for up to 72 hours.
Method of administration
Oral. This medicine should be taken on an empty stomach. This means an hour before food or two hours after food.
4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substance, to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1, or to P-lactam antibiotics (e.g. penicillins, cephalosporins).
Flucloxacillin is contra-indicated in patients with a previous history of flucloxacillin-associated jaundice/hepatic dysfunction.
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
The use of flucloxacillin (like other penicillins) in patients with renal impairment does not usually require dosage reduction. In the presence of severe renal failure (creatinine clearance less than 10ml/min), however, a reduction in dose or an extension of dose interval should be considered because of the risk of neurotoxicity.
Flucloxacillin is not significantly removed by dialysis and so no supplementary dosages need to be administered either during or at the end of the dialysis period.
Hepatitis and cholestatic jaundice have been reported. These reactions are related neither to the dose nor to the route of administration. Flucloxacillin should be used with caution in patients with evidence of hepatic dysfunction, patients >50 years or patients with underlying disease all of whom are at increased risk of hepatic reactions. The onset of these hepatic effects may be delayed for up to two months post-treatment. In several cases, the course of the reactions has been protracted and lasted for some months. In very rare cases, a fatal outcome has been reported (see section 4.8).
As for other penicillins contact with the skin should be avoided as sensitisation may occur.
Patients with a known history of allergy are more likely to develop a hypersensitivity reaction.
Prolonged use of an anti-infective agent may occasionally result in overgrowth of non-susceptible organisms.
Before initiating therapy with flucloxacillin, careful enquiry should be made concerning previous hypersensitivity reactions to P-lactams. Serious and occasionally fatal hypersensitivity reactions (anaphylaxis) have been reported in patients receiving P-lactam antibiotics. Although anaphylaxis is more frequent following parenteral therapy, it has occurred in patients on oral therapy. These reactions are more likely to occur in individuals with a history of P-lactam hypersensitivity.
If anaphylaxis occurs flucloxacillin should be discontinued and the appropriate therapy instituted. Serious anaphylactic reactions may require immediate emergency treatment with adrenaline (epinephrine). Ensure adequate airway and ventilation and give 100% oxygen. IV crystalloids, hydrocortisone, antihistamine and nebulised bronchodilators may also be required.
Special caution is essential in the newborn because of the risk of hyperbilirubinaemia. Studies have shown that, at high dose following parenteral administration, flucloxacillin can displace bilirubin from plasma protein binding sites, and may therefore predispose to kernicterus in a jaundiced baby. In addition, special caution is essential in the newborn because of the potential for high serum levels of flucloxacillin due to a reduced rate of renal excretion.
During prolonged treatments (e.g. osteomyelitis, endocarditis), regular monitoring of hepatic and renal functions is recommended.
This medicinal product contains approximately 52.3 mg sodium per g. To be taken into consideration by patients on a controlled sodium diet.
Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
4.5
Probenecid and sulfinpyrazone slow down the excretion of flucloxacillin.
Other drugs, such as piperacillin, which are excreted via renal tubular secretion, may interfere with flucloxacillin elimination.
Oral typhoid vaccine may be inactivated by flucloxacillin.
Flucloxacillin reduces the excretion of methotrexate which can cause methotrexate toxicity.
Flucloxacillin may reduce the response to sugammadex.
There are rare cases of decreased international normalised ratio (INR) in patients taking warfarin and prescribed a course of flucloxacillin. If coadministration is necessary, the prothrombin time or international normalised ratio should be carefully monitored during addition or withdrawal of flucloxacillin.
4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Pregnancy
Animal studies with flucloxacillin have shown no teratogenic effects. Flucloxacillin preparations have been in use since 1970 and the limited number of reported cases of use in human pregnancy has shown no evidence of untoward effect.
Flucloxacillin should only be used in pregnancy when the potential benefits outweigh the potential risks associated with treatment.
The use of flucloxacillin in pregnancy should be reserved for cases considered essential by the clinician.
Breastfeeding
Flucloxacillin is secreted into mother’s milk and may occasionally cause sensitisation of the infant. Therefore flucloxacillin should only be administered to a breast-feeding mother when the potential benefits outweigh the potential risks associated with the treatment.
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Flucloxacillin has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines.
4.8 Undesirable effects
The following convention has been utilised for the classification of undesirable effects: Very common (>1/10), common (>1/100 to <1/10), uncommon (>1/1,000 to <1/100), rare (>1/10,000 to <1/1,000), very rare (<1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).
Unless otherwise stated, the frequency of the adverse events has been derived from more than 30 years of post-marketing reports.
Blood and lymphatic system disorders
Very rare: Neutropenia (including agranulocytosis) and thrombocytopenia. These are reversible when treatment is discontinued. Haemolytic anaemia.
Immune system disorders
Very rare: Anaphylactic shock (exceptional with oral administration) (see section 4.4), angioneurotic oedema.
If any hypersensitivity reaction occurs, the treatment should be discontinued. (See also Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders).
Gastrointestinal disorders
*Common: Minor gastrointestinal disturbances.
Very rare: Pseudomembranous colitis.
If pseudomembranous colitis develops, flucloxacillin treatment should be discontinued and appropriate therapy, e.g. oral vancomycin should be initiated.
Hepatobiliary disorders
Very rare: Hepatitis and cholestatic jaundice (see section 4.4). Changes in liver function laboratory test results (reversible when treatment is discontinued).
These reactions are related neither to the dose nor to the route of administration. The onset of these effects may be delayed for up to two months post-treatment; in several cases the course of the reactions has been protracted and lasted for some months. Hepatic events may be severe and in very rare circumstances a fatal outcome has been reported. Most reports of deaths have been in patients >50 years and in patients with serious underlying disease.
There is evidence that the risk of flucloxacillin-induced liver injury is increased in subjects carrying the HLA-B*5701 allele. Despite this strong association, only 1 in 500-1000 carriers will develop liver injury.
Consequently, the positive predictive value of testing the HLA-B*5701 allele for liver injury is very low (0.12%) and routine screening for this allele is not recommended.
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders ‘Uncommon: Rash, urticaria and purpura.
Very rare: Erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis.
(See also Immune system disorders).
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
Very rare: Arthralgia and myalgia sometimes develop more than 48 hours after the start of the treatment.
Renal and urinary disorders
Very rare: Interstitial nephritis.
This is reversible when treatment is discontinued.
Very rare: Fever sometimes develops more than 48 hours after the start of the treatment.
*The incidence of these AEs was derived from clinical studies involving a total of approximately 929 adult and paediatric patients taking flucloxacillin.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the yellow card scheme at www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard
4.9 Overdose
With high doses (mainly parenteral) neurotoxicity may develop
Gastrointestinal effects such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea may be evident and should be treated symptomatically.
Flucloxacillin is not removed from the circulation by haemodialysis.
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
ATC Code: J01CF05
Pharmacotherapeutic group - Beta-lactamase resistant penicillins
Properties: Flucloxacillin is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic of the group of isoxazolyl penicillins; it is not inactivated by staphylococcal P-lactamases.
Activity: Flucloxacillin, by its action on the synthesis of the bacterial wall, exerts a bactericidal effect on streptococci, except those of group D (Enterococcusfaecalis), and staphylococci. It is not active against methicillin-resistant staphylococci.
Risk of hepatic injury
There is evidence that the risk of flucloxacillin-induced liver injury is increased in subjects carrying the HLA-B*5701 allele. Despite this strong association, only 1 in 500-1000 carriers will develop liver injury. Consequently, the positive predictive value of testing the HLA-B*5701 allele for liver injury is very low (0.12%) and routine screening for this allele is not recommended.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
Absorption: Flucloxacillin is stable in acid media and can therefore be administered either by the oral or parenteral route. The peak serum levels of flucloxacillin reached after one hour are as follows: -
- After 250mg by the oral route (in fasting subjects): Approximately 8.8 mg/l.
- After 500mg by the oral route (in fasting subjects): Approximately 14.5mg/l.
- After 500mg by the IM route: Approximately 16.5mg/l.
The total quantity absorbed by the oral route represents approximately 79% of the quantity administered.
Distribution: Flucloxacillin diffuses well into most tissue. Specifically, active concentrations of flucloxacillin have been recovered in bones: 11.6 mg/l (compact bone) and 15.6 mg/l (spongy bone), with a mean serum level of 8.9 mg/l.
Crossing the meningeal barrier: Flucloxacillin diffuses in only small proportions into the cerebrospinal fluid of subjects whose meninges are not inflamed.
Crossing into mother’s milk: Flucloxacillin is excreted in small quantities in mothers’ milk.
Biotransformation: In normal subjects approximately 10% of the flucloxacillin administered is metabolised to penicilloic acid. The elimination half-life of flucloxacillin is in the order of 53 minutes.
Elimination: Excretion occurs mainly through the kidney. Between 65.5% (oral route) and 76.1% (parenteral route) of the dose administered is recovered in unaltered active form in the urine within 8 hours. A small portion of the dose administered is excreted in the bile. The excretion of flucloxacillin is slowed in cases of renal failure.
Protein binding: The serum protein-binding rate is 95%.
5.3
Preclinical safety data
No relevant information additional to that already contained elsewhere in the SPC.
6 PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS
6.1 List of excipients
Magnesium Stearate Sodium Starch Glycolate Red Iron Oxide Yellow Iron Oxide Black Iron Oxide Titanium Dioxide Gelatin
6.2 Incompatibilities
None known.
6.3 Shelf life
3 years in securitainers
12 months in PVC/PE/PVDC and PVDC/PVC blister packs.
2 years in PVC/PE/PVDC blister packs in aluminium pouch.
6.4 Special precautions for storage
Securitainers : Do not store above 25°C. Keep the container tightly closed in order to protect from light and moisture. Store in the original container.
Blister packs: Do not store above 25°C. Store in the original package. Keep the container in the outer carton in order to protect from light and moisture.
Blister packs in aluminium pouch: Do not store above 25°C. Store in the original package. Keep the container in the outer carton in order to protect from light and moisture.
6.5 Nature and contents of container
Polypropylene securitainers with polyethylene air-proof cap, with jayfilla containing 15, 18, 20, 21, 28, 30, 100 or 250 capsules
Opaque PVDC/PVC blister 250/40 with an Aluminium Lidding foil 20 micron containing 15, 18, 20, 21, 28, 30, 100 or 250 capsules
Opaque PVC/PE/PVDC blister 250/25/90 with an Aluminium Lidding foil 20 micron containing 15, 18, 20, 21, 28, 30, 100 or 250 capsules.
PVC/PE/PVDC blister 250/25/90 with an Aluminium Lidding foil 20 micron containing 15, 18, 20, 21, 28, 30, 100 or 250 capsules in an Aluminium pouch. Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
6.6 Special precautions for disposal
No special requirements
7 MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER
ATHLONE PHARMACEUTICALS LIMITED, BALLYMURRAY,
CO. ROSCOMMON,
IRELAND.
8 MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)
PL 30464/0120
9 DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION
17/09/2013
10 DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT
01/04/2016