Lotemax 0.5% Eye Drops Suspension
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
1 NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT
Lotemax 0.5% Eye Drops, Suspension
2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
The suspension contains 0.5%w/v loteprednol etabonate (5 mg/ml). Each drop contains 0.19 mg loteprednol etabonate.
Excipient with known effect: Benzalkonium Chloride (0.01%)
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
3 PHARMACEUTICAL FORM
Eye-drops, suspension Milky-white
4 CLINICAL PARTICULARS
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Treatment of post-operative inflammation following ocular surgery.
4.2 Posology and method of administration
Posology Adults and elderly
One to two drops four times daily beginning 24 hours after surgery and continuing throughout the post-operative period.
The duration of treatment should not exceed 2 weeks.
Paediatric Population
Lotemax should not be used in the paediatric age group until further data become available.
Method of administration Ocular use
Shake the bottle vigorously before using the eye drops.
This product is sterile when packaged. Patients should be advised not to allow the dropper tip to touch any surface, as this may contaminate the suspension. The bottle should be closed immediately after use.
4.3 Contraindications
Lotemax is contraindicated in most viral diseases of the cornea and conjunctiva including epithelial herpes simplex keratitis (dendritic keratitis), vaccinia, varicella, and also in mycobacterial infection of the eye and fungal diseases of ocular structures; untreated purulent acute infections which, similar to other infectious diseases, can be masked and worsened by corticoids, ‘red eye’ with unknown diagnosis and infection caused by amoeba.
Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1 or to other corticosteroids.
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
Prolonged use of corticosteroids may result in ocular hypertension or glaucoma with damage to the optic nerve, defects in visual acuity and fields of vision, and in posterior subcapsular cataract formation. Steroids should be used with caution in the presence of glaucoma.
Prolonged use of corticosteroids may suppress the host response and may increase the possibility of secondary ocular infections. In those diseases causing thinning of the cornea or sclera, perforations have been known to occur with the use of topical steroids. In acute purulent conditions of the eye, steroids may mask infection or enhance existing infection.
Long term treating with corticosteroids can cause fungal disease. Fungal disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis when a corneal ulcer persists. Lotemax contains benzalkonium chloride which may cause eye irritation.
In general patients should not wear contact lenses after cataract surgery, unless contact lens wearing is medically indicated.
Contact with soft contact lenses should be avoided. Patients should be advised to remove contact lenses prior to application and wait at least 15 minutes before reinsertion. Known to discolour soft contact lenses.
If signs and symptoms fail to improve after two days, the patient should be reevaluated.
If this product is used for 10 days or longer, intraocular pressure should be monitored.
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Since loteprednol etabonate is not detected in plasma following the topical administration of Lotemax, it is not expected to affect the pharmacokinetics of systemically administered medicinal products. However, the low potential of ocular loteprednol etabonate eye drops to increase the intraocular pressure may be adversely affected by systemically administered medicinal products with anticholinergic activity. In patients receiving concomitant ocular hypotensive therapy, the addition of loteprednol etabonate may increase intraocular pressure and decrease the apparent ocular hypotensive effect of these medicinal products.
Concurrent administration of cycloplegics may increase the risk of raised intraocular pressure.
4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Pregnancy
For Lotemax no clinical data on exposed pregnancies are available. Studies in animals have shown reproductive toxicity (see section 5.3). The potential risk for humans is unknown and Lotemax should not be used in pregnancy unless clearly necessary.
Breastfeeding
It is not known whether loteprednol etabonate is excreted in human milk. Excretion of loteprednol etabonate in breast milk has not been investigated in animal studies. Therefore, the use of loteprednol etabonate is contraindicated in lactating women.
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
No studies on the effects on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed.
If there are any transient effects on vision, the patient should be advised to wait until these subside before driving or operating machinery.
4.8 Undesirable effects
Reactions associated with ophthalmic steroids include elevated intraocular pressure in steroid responsive patients, which may be associated with optic nerve damage, visual acuity and field defects, posterior subcapsular cataract formation, secondary ocular infection from pathogens including herpes simplex, and perforation of the globe where there is thinning of the cornea or sclera.
Ocular adverse reactions occurring in patients treated with loteprednol etabonate ophthalmic suspension in clinical studies included the following:
All undesirable effects have been classified as follows very common (>1/10), common (>1/100, <1/10), uncommon (>1/1000, <1/100), rare (>1/10,000, <1/1000), or very rare (<1/10,000).
Eye Disorders
Common: Corneal defect, eye discharge, ocular discomfort, dry eye, epiphora, foreign
body sensation in eyes, conjunctival hyperaemia and ocular itching.
Uncommon: Abnormal vision, blurring of vision, chemosis, conjunctivitis, iritis, eye
irritation, eye pain, conjunctival papillae, photophobia and uveitis.
Application and instillation site reactions
Common: Instillation site burning.
Uncommon: Keratoconjunctivitis
Some of these events were similar to the underlying ocular disease being studied
Non-ocular events possibly related to treatment occurring in patients included: Nervous system disorders
|
Common: |
Headache |
|
Rare: |
Migraine, taste perversion, dizziness, paresthesia |
General disorders and administration site conditions
Uncommon: Asthenia
Rare: Chest pain, chills, fever and pain
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
|
Uncommon: |
Rhinitis |
|
Rare: |
Cough |
Infections and infestations
|
Uncommon: |
Pharyngitis |
|
Rare: |
Urinary tract infection and urethritis |
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
Rare: Face oedema, urticaria, rash, dry skin and eczema
Gastrointestinal disorders
Rare: Diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting
Investigations
Rare:
Weight gain
Ear and labyrinth disorders
Rare: Tinnitus
Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) Rare: Breast neoplasm
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders Rare: Twitching
Psychiatric disorders
Rare: Nervousness
In a summation of controlled, randomised studies of individuals treated for 28 days or longer with loteprednol etabonate, the incidence of significant elevation of intraocular pressure (>10 mmHg) was 2% (15/901) among patients receiving loteprednol etabonate, 7% (11/164) among patients receiving 1% prednisolone acetate and 0.5% (3/583) among patients receiving placebo.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is
important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product.
Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via
United Kingdom
Yellow Card Scheme
Website: www.mhra.gov .uk/yellowcard
4.9 Overdose
No case of overdose has been reported. Acute overdosage is unlikely to occur via the ophthalmic route.
5 PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Corticosteroid, ATC code: S01BA14 Mechanism of action
Corticosteroids suppress the inflammatory response to inciting agents of mechanical, chemical or immunological nature. No generally accepted explanation of this steroid property has been advanced.
Pharmacodynamic effect
Loteprednol etabonate is a new class of corticosteroid with potent antiinflammatory activity designed to be active at the site of action. Its antiinflammatory activity is similar to the most powerful steroid used in ophthalmology but with less intraocular pressure. Animal studies have shown that loteprednol etabonate has a binding affinity to steroid receptors that is 4.3 times greater than dexamethasone. This new class of steroids consists of bioactive molecules whose in-vivo transformation to non-toxic substances can be predicted from their chemistry and knowledge of enzymatic pathways in the body. Cortienic acid is an inactive metabolite of hydrocortisone and analogs of cortienic acid are also devoid of corticosteroid activity. Loteprednol etabonate is an ester derivative of one of these analogs, cortienic acid etabonate.
Clinical efficacy and safety
Placebo controlled studies demonstrated that Lotemax is significantly more effective than placebo for the treatment of external ocular inflammation.
Corticosteroids are capable of producing a rise in intraocular pressure in susceptible individuals. In a small study, Lotemax demonstrated a significantly longer time to produce a rise in pressure than did prednisolone acetate. The overall incidence of patients who had an intraocular pressure elevation of >10 mm Hg was lower in the Lotemax treated patients. In many patients treated with Lotemax the ultimate rise in intraocular pressure never achieved the levels seen in patients treated with prednisolone acetate. In clinical trials only 2% of all patients had an intraocular pressure elevation of >10 mm Hg. In the small percentage of patients who did show a significant rise in intraocular pressure, pressure rapidly returned to normal on discontinuation of the medicinal products.
Paediatric population
There are no data available in the paediatric population.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
Results from oral and ocular administration of Lotemax in normal volunteers have shown that there are low or undetectable concentrations of either unchanged material or the metabolite. Results from a bioavailability study established that plasma concentrations of loteprednol etabonate following ocular administration of one drop in each eye of Lotemax eight times daily for 2 days or four times daily for 42 days were below the limit of quantitation (1 ng/mL) and detection (500 pg/mL) at all sampling times. In the same study, plasma cortisol concentrations were measured and no evidence of adrenal cortex suppression was observed. All cortisol measurements were within normal range. This study suggests that limited, if any, systemic absorption occurs with Lotemax.
5.3 Preclinical safety data
Preclinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of repeated dose toxicity and genotoxicity.
Embryotoxicity and teratogenic effects were observed in reproductive toxicity studies in rabbits (delayed ossification, increased incidence of meningocele, abnormal left carotid artery and limb flexures) at oral doses 35 times the maximum daily clinical dose and in rats (decreased foetal body weight and skeletal ossification, absent innominate artery, cleft palate and umbilical hernia) at oral doses greater than 60 times the maximum daily clinical dose.
Mild ocular irritation was noted with both the acute and multidose rabbit ocular studies.
6 PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS
6.1 List of excipients
Disodium Edetate Glycerol Povidone Purified Water Tyloxapol
Hydrochloric Acid (pH adjuster) Sodium Hydroxide (pH adjuster) Benzalkonium Chloride
6.2 Incompatibilities
In the absence of incompatibility studies, this medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products.
6.3 Shelf life
2 years (unopened).
Discard any unused contents 28 days after first opening the bottle.
6.4 Special precautions for storage
Do not store above 25°C. Do not freeze.
6.5 Nature and contents of container
Lotemax is available in the following packaging configurations:
2.5 mL and 5 mL supplied in a white low density polyethylene bottle (7.5 mL) with a white control drop tip and a pink polypropylene cap.
10 mL supplied in a white low density polyethylene bottle (10 mL) with a white control drop tip and a pink polypropylene cap.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
Store the container in an upright position.
7 MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER
Bausch & Lomb GmbH Brunsbutteler Damm 165-173 13581 Berlin, Germany
8 MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)
PL 17947/0001
9 DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION
31/03/2008
10 DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT
15/01/2016