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Nebivolol 5mg Tablets

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SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

1 NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT

Nebivolol 5mg Tablets

2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION

Each tablet contains 5 mg of nebivolol equivalent to 5.45 mg of nebivolol hydrochloride.

Excipient: 85.96 mg of lactose monohydrate/ tablet.

For a full list of excipients, see section 6.1.

3 PHARMACEUTICAL FORM

Tablet.

White, round, biconvex tablets, cross-scored on one side, with a diameter of 9 mm approximately.

Tablets can be divided into equal quarters.

4 CLINICAL PARTICULARS

4.1 Therapeutic indications

Hypertension

Treatment of essential hypertension.

Chronic heart failure (CHF)

Treatment of stable mild and moderate chronic heart failure in addition to standard therapies in elderly patients of 70 years or older.

4.2 Posology and method of administration

Method of administration

The tablet or its parts should be swallowed with a sufficient amount of fluid (e.g one glass of water). The tablet can be taken with or without food.

Hypertension

Adults

The dose is one tablet (5 mg) daily, preferably at the same time of the day.

The blood pressure lowering effect becomes evident after 1-2 weeks of treatment. Occasionally, the optimal effect is reached only after 4 weeks.

Combination with other antihypertensive agents

Beta-blockers can be used alone or concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. To date, an additional antihypertensive effect has been observed only when Nebivolol 5mg Tablets are combined with hydrochlorothiazide 12.5-25 mg.

Patients with renal insufficiency

In patients with renal insufficiency, the recommended starting dose is 2.5 mg daily. If needed, the daily dose may be increased to 5 mg.

Patients with hepatic insufficiency

Data in patients with hepatic insufficiency or impaired liver function are limited. Therefore the use of Nebivolol 5mg Tablets in these patients is contraindicated.

Elderly

In patients over 65 years, the recommended starting dose is 2.5 mg daily. If needed, the daily dose may be increased to 5 mg. However, in view of the limited experience in patients above 75 years, caution must be exercised and these patients monitored closely.

Children and adolescents

No studies have been conducted in children and adolescents. Therefore, use in children and adolescents is not recommended.

Chronic heart _ failure (CHF)

The treatment of stable chronic heart failure has to be initiated with a gradual uptitration of dosage until the optimal individual maintenance dose is reached.

Patients should have stable chronic heart failure without acute failure during the past six weeks. It is recommended that the treating physician should be experienced in the management of chronic heart failure.

For those patients receiving cardiovascular drug therapy including diuretics and/or digoxin and/or ACE inhibitors and/or angiotensin II antagonists, dosing of these drugs should be stabilised during the two weeks prior to initiation of Nebivolol 5mg Tablets treatment.

The initial uptitration should be done according to the following steps at 1-2 weekly intervals based on patient tolerability: 1.25 mg nebivolol, to be increased to 2.5 mg nebivolol once daily, then to 5 mg once daily and then to 10 mg once daily. The maximum recommended dose is 10 mg nebivolol once daily.

Initiation of therapy and every dose increase should be done under the supervision of an experienced physician over a period of at least 2 hours to ensure that the clinical status (especially as regards blood pressure, heart rate, conduction disturbances, signs of worsening of heart failure) remains stable.

Occurrence of adverse events may prevent all patients being treated with the maximum recommended dose. If necessary, the dose reached can also be decreased step by step and reintroduced as appropriate.

During the titration phase, in case of worsening of the heart failure or intolerance, it is recommended first to reduce the dose of nebivolol, or to stop it immediately if necessary (in case of severe hypotension, worsening of heart failure with acute pulmonary oedema, cardiogenic shock, symptomatic bradycardia or AV block).

Treatment of stable chronic heart failure with nebivolol is generally a longterm treatment.

The treatment with nebivolol is not recommended to be stopped abruptly since this might lead to a transitory worsening of heart failure. If discontinuation is necessary, the dose should be gradually decreased divided into halves weekly.

Patients with renal insufficiency

No dose adjustment is required in mild to moderate renal insufficiency since uptitration to the maximum tolerated dose is individually adjusted. There is no experience in patients with severe renal insufficiency (serum creatinine >250pmol/L). Therefore, the use of nebivolol in these patients is not recommended.

Patients with hepatic insufficiency

Data in patients with hepatic insufficiency are limited. Therefore the use of Nebivolol 5mg Tablets in these patients is contra-indicated.

Elderly

No dose adjustment is required since uptitration to the maximum tolerated dose is individually adjusted.

Children and adolescents

No studies have been conducted in children and adolescents. Therefore, use in children and adolescents is not recommended.

4.3 Contraindications

- Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients.

- Liver insufficiency or liver function impairment.

- Acute heart failure, cardiogenic shock or episodes of heart failure decompensation requiring i.v. inotropic therapy.

In addition, as with other beta-blocking agents, nebivolol is contra-indicated in:

• Sick sinus syndrome, including sino-atrial block

• Second and third degree heart block (without a pacemaker)

• History of bronchospasm and bronchial asthma

• Severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

• Untreated phaeochromocytoma

• Metabolic acidosis

• Bradycardia (heart rate < 60 bpm prior to start therapy)

• Hypotension (systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg)

• Severe peripheral circulatory disturbances

• Combination with floctafenine and sultopride (see also section 4.5).

4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use

4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction

Pharmacodynamic interactions

Combinations contra-indicated:

Floctafenine (NSAID): beta blockers may impede the compensatory cardiovascular reactions associated with hypotension or shock that may be induced by floctafenine.

Sultopride (antipsychotic): nebivolol should not be concomitantly administered with sultopride since there is an increase risk of ventricular arrhythmia.

The following interactions apply to beta-adrenergic antagonists in general. Combinations not recommended:

Class I antiarrhythmics (quinidine, hydroquinidine, cibenzoline, flecainide, disopyramide, lidocaine, mexiletine, propafenone): effect on atrio-ventricular conduction time may be potentiated and negative inotropic effect increased (see section 4.4).

Calcium channel antagonists of verapamil/diltiazem type: negative influence on contractility and atrio-ventricular conduction. Intravenous administration of verapamil in patients with B-blocker treatment may lead to profound hypotension and atrio-ventricular block (see section 4.4).

Centrally-acting antihypertensives (clonidine, guanfacin, moxonidine, methyldopa, rilmenidine): concomitant use of centrally acting antihypertensive drugs may worsen heart failure by a decrease in the central sympathetic tonus (reduction of heart rate and cardiac output, vasodilation) (see section 4.4). Abrupt withdrawal, particularly if prior to beta-blocker discontinuation, may increase risk of “rebound hypertension”.

Combinations to be used with caution:

Class III antiarrhythmic drugs (amiodarone): effect on atrio-ventricular conduction time may be potentiated.

Anaesthetics - volatile halogenated: concomitant use of beta-adrenergic antagonists and anaesthetics may attenuate reflex tachycardia and increase the risk of hypotension (see section 4.4). As a general rule, avoid sudden withdrawal of beta-blocker treatment. The anaesthesiologist should be informed when the patient is receiving nebivolol.

Insulin and oral antidiabetic drugs: although nebivolol does not affect glucose level, concomitant use may mask certain symptoms of hypoglycaemia (palpitations, tachycardia).

Baclofen (antispastic agent), amifostine (antineoplastic adjunct): concomitant use with antihypertensives is likely to increase the fall in blood pressure, therefore the dosage of antihypertensive medication should be adjusted accordingly.

Mefloquine (antimalarian drug): Theoretically co-administration with P-adrenergic blocking agents might contribute to a prolongation of the QTc interval.

Combinations to be considered:

Digitalis glycosides: concomitant use may increase atrio-ventricular conduction time. Clinical trials with nebivolol have not shown any clinical evidence of an interaction. Nebivolol does not influence the kinetics of digoxin.

Calcium antagonists of the dihydropyridine type (amlodipine, felodipine, lacidipine, nifedipine, nicardipine, nimodipine, nitrendipine): concomitant use may increase the risk of hypotension, and an increase in the risk of a further deterioration of the ventricular pump function in patients with heart failure cannot be excluded.

Antipsychotics, antidepressants (tricyclics, barbiturates and phenothiazines), organic nitrates as well as other antihypertensive agents: concomitant use may enhance the hypothensive effect of the beta-blockers (additive effect).

Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) : no effect on the blood pressure lowering effect of nebivolol.

Please note that small daily antithrombotic doses of acetylsalicylic acid (e.g.,

50 or 100 mg) can be used safely with Nebivolol 5mg Tablets.

Sympathicomimetic agents: concomitant use may counteract the effect of beta-adrenergic antagonists. Beta-adrenergic agents may lead to unopposed alpha-adrenergic activity of sympathicomimetic agents with both alpha- and beta-adrenergic effects (risk of hypertension, severe bradycardia and heart block).

Pharmacokinetic interactions

As nebivolol metabolism involves the CYP2D6 isoenzyme, co-administration with substances inhibiting this enzyme, especially paroxetine, fluoxetine, thioridazine, quinidine, terbinafine, bupropion, chloroquine and levomepromazine may lead to increased plasma levels of nebivolol associated with an increased risk of excessive bradycardia and adverse events.

Co-administration of cimetidine increased the plasma levels of nebivolol, without changing the clinical effect. Co-administration of ranitidine did not affect the pharmacokinetics of nebivolol. Provided Nebivolol 5mg Tablets are taken with the meal, and an antacid between meals, the two treatments can be co-prescribed.

Combining nebivolol with nicardipine slightly increased the plasma levels of both drugs, without changing the clinical effect. Co-administration of alcohol, furosemide or hydrochlorothiazide did not affect the pharmacokinetics of nebivolol. Nebivolol does not affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin.

4.6 Pregnancy and lactation

Use in pregnancy

Nebivolol has pharmacological effects that can be harmful during pregnancy and/or for the foetus/newborn. In general, beta-adrenoceptor blockers reduce placental perfusion, which has been associated with growth retardation, intrauterine death, abortion or early labour. Adverse effects (e.g. hypoglycaemia and bradycardia) may occur in the foetus and newborn infant. If treatment with beta-adrenoceptor blockers is necessary, beta1-selective adrenoceptor blockers are preferable.

Nebivolol should not be used during pregnancy unless clearly necessary. If treatment with nebivolol is considered necessary, the uteroplacental blood flow and the fetal growth should be monitored. In case of harmful effects on pregnancy or the fetus alternative treatment should be considered. The newborn infant must be closely monitored. Symptoms of hypoglycaemia and bradycardia are generally to be expected within the first 3 days.

Use in lactation

Animal studies have shown that nebivolol is excreted in breast milk. It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Most beta-blockers, particularly lipophilic compounds like nebivolol and its active metabolites, pass into breast milk although to a variable extent. Therefore, breastfeeding is not recommended during administration of nebivolol.

4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines

No studies on the effects on the ability to drive and use machine have been performed. Pharmacodynamic studies have shown that nebivolol does not affect psychomotor function. When driving vehicles or operating machines it should be taken into accounts that dizziness and fatigue may occasionally occur. These effects are more likely to occur after initiation of the treatment of after dose increases.

4.8 Undesirable effects

Adverse events are listed separately for hypertension and CHF because of differences in the background diseases.

Hypertension

The adverse reactions, which are in most of the cases of mild to moderate intensity, reported are tabulated below, classified by system organ class and ordered by frequency:

SYSTEM ORGAN CLASS	Common 1/100 to <1/10)	Uncommon (>1/1,000 to <1/100)	Very rare (<1/10,000)	Unknown
Immune system disorders				angioneurotic oedema, hypersensitivity
Phychiatric disorders		nightmares, depression
Nervous system disorders	headache, dizziness, paraesthesia		fainting/syncope
Eye disorders		impaired vision
Cardiac disorders		bradycardia, heart failure, slowed AV conduction/AV-block
Vascular disorders		hypotension, (increase of) intermittent claudication
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders	dyspnoea	bronchospasm
Gastrointestinal disorders	constipation, nausea, diarrhoea	dyspepsia, flatulence, vomiting
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders		pruritus, rash erythematous	psoriasis aggravated
Reproductive system and breast disorders		impotence
General disorders and administration site conditions	tiredness, oedema

The following adverse reactions have also been reported with some beta adrenergic antagonists: hallucinations, psychoses, confusion, cold/cyanotic extremities, Raynaud phenomenon, dry eyes, and oculo-mucocutaneous toxicity of the practolol-type.

Beta-blockers may cause decreased lacrimation.

Chronic heart _ failure

Data on adverse reactions in CHF patients are available from one placebo-controlled clinical trial involving 1067 patients taking nebivolol and 1061 patients taking placebo. In this study, a total of 449 nebivolol patients (42.1%) reported at least possibly causally related adverse reactions compared to 334 placebo patients (31.5%). The most commonly reported adverse reactions in nebivolol patients were bradycardia and dizziness, both occurring in approximately 11% of patients. The corresponding frequencies among placebo patients were approximately 2% and 7%, respectively.

The following incidences were reported for adverse reactions (at least possibly drug-related) which are considered specifically relevant in the treatment of chronic heart failure:

- Aggravation of cardiac failure occurred in 5.8 % of nebivolol patients compared to 5.2% of placebo patients.

- Postural hypotension was reported in 2.1% of nebivolol patients compared to 1.0% of placebo patients.

- Drug intolerance occurred in 1.6% of nebivolol patients compared to 0.8% of placebo patients.

- First degree atrio-ventricular block occurred in 1.4% of nebivolol patients compared to 0.9% of placebo patients.

- Oedema of the lower limb were reported by 1.0% of nebivolol patients compared to 0.2% of placebo patients.

4.9 Overdose

No data are available on overdosage with nebivolol.

Symptoms

Symptoms of overdosage with beta-blockers are: bradycardia, hypotension, bronchospasm and acute cardiac insufficiency.

Treatment

In case of overdosage or hypersensitivity, the patient should be kept under close supervision and be treated in an intensive care ward. Blood glucose levels should be checked. Absorption of any drug residues still present in the gastro-intestinal tract can be prevented by gastric lavage and the administration of activated charcoal and a laxative. Artificial respiration may be required. Bradycardia or extensive vagal reactions should be treated by administering atropine or methylatropine. Hypotension and shock should be treated with plasma/plasma substitutes and, if necessary, catecholamines. The beta-blocking effect can be counteracted by slow intravenous administration of isoprenaline hydrochloride, starting with a dose of approximately 5 pg/minute, or dobutamine, starting with a dose of 2.5 pg/minute, until the required effect has been obtained. In refractory cases isoprenaline can be combined with dopamine. If this does not produce the desired effect either, intravenous administration of glucagon 50-100 pg/kg intravenous may be considered. If required, the injection should be repeated within one hour, to be followed -if required- by an intravenous infusion of glucagon 70 pg/kg/h. In extreme cases of treatment-resistant bradycardia, a pacemaker may be inserted.

5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Beta blocking agents, selective.

ATC code: C07AB12

Nebivolol is a racemate of two enantiomers, SRRR-nebivolol (or d-nebivolol) and RSSS-nebivolol (or l-nebivolol). It combines two pharmacological activities:

• It is a competitive and selective beta-receptor antagonist: this effect is attributed to the SRRR-enatiomer (d-enantiomer).

• It has mild vasodilating properties due to an interaction with the L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway.

Single and repeated doses of nebivolol reduce heart rate and blood pressure at rest and during exercise, both in normotensive subjects and in hypertensive patients. The antihypertensive effect is maintained during chronic treatment.

At therapeutic doses, nebivolol is devoid of alpha-adrenergic antagonism.

During acute and chronic treatment with nebivolol in hypertensive patients systemic vascular resistance is decreased. Despite heart rate reduction, reduction in cardiac output during rest and exercise may be limited due to an increase in stroke volume. The clinical relevance of these haemodynamic differences as compared to other beta1 receptor antagonists has not been fully established.

In hypertensive patients, nebivolol increases the NO-mediated vascular response to acetylcholine (ACh) which is reduced in patients with endothelial dysfunction.

In a mortality-morbidity, placebo-controlled trial performed in 2128 patients >70 years (median age 75.2 years) with stable chronic heart failure with or without impaired left ventricular ejection fraction (mean LVEF: 36 ± 12.3%, with the following distribution: LVEF less than 35% in 56% of patients, LVEF between 35% and 45% in 25% of patients and LVEF greater than 45% in 19% of patients) followed for a mean time of 20 months, nebivolol, on top of standard therapy, significantly prolonged the time to occurrence of deaths or hospitalisations for cardiovascular reasons (primary end-point for efficacy) with a relative risk reduction of 14% (absolute reduction: 4.2%). This risk reduction developed after 6 months of treatment and was maintained for all treatment duration (median duration: 18 months). The effect of nebivolol was independent from age, gender, or left ventricular ejection fraction of the population on study. The benefit on all cause mortality did not reach statistical significance in comparison to placebo (absolute reduction: 2.3%).

A decrease in sudden death was observed in nebivolol treated patients (4.1% vs 6.6%, relative reduction of 38%).

In vitro and in vivo experiments in animals showed that Nebivolol has no intrinsic sympathicomimetic activity.

In vitro and in vivo experiments in animals showed that at pharmacological doses nebivolol has no membrane stabilising action.

In healthy volunteers, nebivolol has no significant effect on maximal exercise capacity or endurance.

5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties

Nebivolol is a lipophilic, cardioselective beta-blocker without ISA or membrane stabilising properties (l-enantiomer). It also has a nitric oxide mediated vasodilatory effect (d-enantiomer).

Absorption

Both nebivolol enantiomers are rapidly absorbed after oral administration. The absorption of nebivolol is not affected by food; nebivolol can be given with or without meals.

Metabolism

Nebivolol is extensively metabolised, partly to active hydroxy-metabolites. Nebivolol is metabolised via alicyclic and aromatic hydroxylation, N-dealkylation and glucuronidation; in addition, glucuronides of the hydroxy-metabolites are formed.

The metabolism of nebivolol by aromatic hydroxylation is subject to the CYP2D6 dependent genetic oxidative polymorphism. The oral bioavailability of nebivolol averages 12% in fast metabolisers and is virtually complete in slow metabolisers. At steady state and at the same dose level, the peak plasma concentration of unchanged nebivolol is about 23 times higher in poor metabolisers than in extensive metabolisers. When unchanged drug plus active metabolites are considered, the difference in peak plasma concentrations is 1.3 to 1.4 fold. Because of the variation in rates of metabolism, the dose of Nebivolol 5mg Tablets should always be adjusted to the individual requirements of the patient: poor metabolisers therefore may require lower doses.

Furthermore, the dose should be adjusted for patients over 65 years, patients with renal insufficiency and patients with hepatic insufficiency (see section 4.2).

In fast metabolisers, elimination half-lives of the nebivolol enantiomers average 10 hours. In slow metabolisers, they are 3-5 times longer. In fast metabolisers, plasma levels of the RSSS-enantiomer are slightly higher than for the SRRR-enantiomer. In slow metabolisers, this difference is larger. In fast metabolisers, elimination half-lives of the hydroxymetabolites of both enantiomers average 24 hours, and are about twice as long in slow metabolisers.

Steady-state plasma levels in most subjects (fast metabolisers) are reached within 24 hours for nebivolol and within a few days for the hydroxy-metabolites.

Plasma concentrations are dose-proportional between 1 and 30 mg. The pharmacokinetics of nebivolol are not affected by age.

Distribution

In plasma, both nebivolol enantiomers are predominantly bound to albumin.

Plasma protein binding is 98.1% for SRRR-nebivolol and 97.9% for RSSS-nebivolol. The volume of distribution is between 10.1 and 39.4 l/kg.

Excretion

One week after administration, 38% of the dose is excreted in the urine and 48% in the faeces. Urinary excretion of unchanged nebivolol is less than 0.5% of the dose.

5.3 Preclinical safety data

Preclinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of genotoxocity and carcinogenic potential.

6.1 List of excipients

Lactose Monohydrate,

Crospovidone Type A Poloxamer 188,

Povidone K 30,

Cellulose, Microcrystalline,

Magnesium Stearate

6.2 Incompatibilities

Not applicable

6.3 Shelf life

3 years

6.4 Special precautions for storage

Do not store above 30°C.

6.5 Nature and contents of container

Tablets are provided in PVC/PE/PVDC//Aluminium blisters of 7, 10 and 14 Pack sizes:

7, 10, 14, 20, 28, 30, 50, 56, 60, 90, 100, 120 tablets Not all pack sizes may be marketed.

6.6 Special precautions for disposal

No special requirements.

7 MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER

PLIVA Pharma Limited Vision House Bedford Road

Petersfield Hampshire GU32 3QB United Kingdom

8 MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)

PL 10622/0310

9 DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION

12/12/2012

10 DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT

12/12/2012