Oxaliplatin 5 Mg/Ml Powder For Solution For Infusion
Out of date information, search anotherSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
1 NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT
Oxaliplatin 5 mg/ml powder for solution for infusion
2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
50 mg vial: each vial contains 50 mg of oxaliplatin for reconstitution in 10 ml of solvent.
100 mg vial: each vial contains 100 mg of oxaliplatin for reconstitution in 20 ml of solvent.
One ml of reconstituted solution for infusion contains 5 mg of oxaliplatin.
One 50 mg vial contains 450 mg of lactose monohydrate.
One 100 mg vial contains 900 mg of lactose monohydrate.
For a full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
3 PHARMACEUTICAL FORM
Powder for solution for infusion.
White, lyophilised powder or plug.
4 CLINICAL PARTICULARS
4.1 Therapeutic indications
acid (FA) is complete resection
Oxaliplatin in combination with 5-fluorouracil (5FU) and folinic indicated for:
• Adjuvant treatment of stage III (Dukes C) colon cancer after of primary tumour
• Treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer.
4.2 Posology and method of administration
The preparation of injectable solutions of cytotoxic agents must be carried out by trained specialist personnel with knowledge of the medicinal product used, in conditions that guarantee the integrity of the medicinal product, the protection of the environment and in particular the protection of the personnel handling the medicinal
products, in accordance with hospital policy. It requires a preparation area reserved for this purpose. It is forbidden to smoke, eat or drink in this area. (see section 6.6)
Posology
FOR ADULTS ONLY
The recommended dose for oxaliplatin in adjuvant setting is 85 mg/m2 intravenously repeated every two weeks for 12 cycles (6 months).
The recommended dose for oxaliplatin in treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer is 85 mg/m2 intravenously repeated every 2 weeks until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
Dosage given should be adjusted according to tolerability (see section 4.4). Oxaliplatin should always be administered before fluoropyrimidines, i.e. 5-fluorouracil (5FU).
Oxaliplatin is administered as a 2- to 6-hour intravenous infusion in 250 to 500 ml of glucose 5% (50 mg/ml) solution to give a concentration between 0.20 mg/ml and 0.70 mg/ml; 0.70 mg/ml is the highest concentration in clinical practice for an oxaliplatin dose of 85 mg/m2.
Oxaliplatin is mainly used in combination with continuous infusion 5-fluorouracil (5FU) based regimens. For the two-weekly treatment schedule 5-fluorouracil regimens combining bolus and continuous infusion were used.
Special Populations
-Renal impairment:
Oxaliplatin must not be administered in patients with severe renal impairment (see sections 4.3 and 5.2).
In patients with mild to moderate renal impairment, the recommended dose of oxaliplatin is 85 mg/m2 (see sections 4.4 and 5.2).
-Hepatic insufficiency:
In a phase I study including patients with several levels of hepatic impairment, frequency and severity of hepato-biliary disorders appeared to be related to progressive disease and impaired liver function tests at baseline. No specific dose adjustment for patients with abnormal liver function tests was performed during clinical development.
-Elderly patients:
No increase in severe toxicities was observed when oxaliplatin was used as a single agent or in combination with 5-fluorouracil (5FU) in patients over the age of 65. In consequence no specific dose adaptation is required for elderly patients.
-Pediatric patients:
There is no relevant indication for use of oxaliplatin in children. The effectiveness of oxaliplatin single agent in the paediatric populations with solid tumours has not been established (see section 5.1).
Method of administration
Oxaliplatin is administered by intravenous infusion.
The administration of oxaliplatin does not require hyperhydration.
Oxaliplatin diluted in 250 to 500 ml of glucose 5 % (50 mg/ml) solution to give a concentration not less than 0.20 mg/ml must be infused via a central venous line or a peripheral vein over 2 to 6 hours. Oxaliplatin infusion must always precede the administration of 5-fluorouracil (5FU).
In the event of extravasation, administration must be discontinued immediately. Instructions for use:
Oxaliplatin must be reconstituted and then further diluted before use.
Only glucose 5 % (50 mg/ml) or water for injections is to be used to reconstitute the freeze dried medicinal product.
Only glucose 5 % (50 mg/ml) is to be used for dilution (see section 6.6).
4.3 Contraindications
Oxaliplatin is contraindicated in patients who
-have a known history of hypersensitivity to oxaliplatin or to any of the excipients. -are breast feeding.
-have myelosuppression prior to starting first course, as evidenced by baseline neutrophils <2x109/l and/or platelet count of <100x109/l.
-have a peripheral sensitive neuropathy with functional impairment prior to first course.
-have a severely impaired renal function (creatinine clearance less than 30 ml/min) (see section 5.2).
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
Oxaliplatin should only be used in specialised departments of oncology and should be administered under the supervision of an experienced oncologist.
Renal impairment
Patients with mild to moderate renal impairment should be closely monitored for adverse reactions and dose adjusted according to toxicity (see section 5.2).
Hypersensitivity reactions Special surveillance should be ensured for patients with a history of allergic manifestations to other products containing platinum. In case of anaphylactic manifestations the infusion should be interrupted immediately and an appropriate symptomatic treatment started. Re-administration ofoxaliplatin to such patients is contraindicated. Cross reactions, sometimes fatal, have been reported with all platinum compounds.
In case of oxaliplatin extravasation, the infusion must be stopped immediately and usual local symptomatic treatment initiated.
Neurological Symptoms
Neurological toxicity of oxaliplatin should be carefully monitored, especially if coadministered with other medicinal products with specific neurological toxicity. A neurological examination should be performed before each administration and periodically thereafter.
For patients who develop acute laryngopharyngeal dysaesthesia (see section 4.8), during or within the hours following the 2-hour infusion, the next oxaliplatin infusion should be administered over 6 hours.
Peripheral neuropathy
If neurological symptoms (paraesthesia, dysaesthesia) occur, the following recommended oxaliplatin dosage adjustment should be based on the duration and severity of these symptoms:
-If symptoms last longer than seven days and are troublesome, the subsequent oxaliplatin dose should be reduced from 85 mg/m2 to 65 mg/m2 (metastatic setting) or 75 mg/m2 (adjuvant setting).
-If paraesthesia without functional impairment persists until the next cycle, the subsequent oxaliplatin dose should be reduced from 85 mg/m2 to 65 mg/m2 (metastatic setting) or 75 mg/m2 (adjuvant setting).
-If paraesthesia with functional impairment persists until the next cycle, oxaliplatin should be discontinued.
-If these symptoms improve following discontinuation of oxaliplatin therapy, resumption of therapy may be considered.
Patients should be informed of the possibility of persistent symptoms of peripheral sensory neuropathy after the end of the treatment. Localized moderate paresthesias or paresthesias that may interfere with functional activities can persist after up to 3 years following treatment cessation in the adjuvant setting.
Reversible Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome (RPLS)
Cases of Reversible Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome (RPLS, also known as PRES, Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome) have been reported in patients receiving oxaliplatin in combination chemotherapy. RPLS is a rare, reversible, rapidly evolving neurological condition, which can include seizure, hypertension, headache, confusion, blindness, and other visual and neurological disturbances (see section 4.8). Diagnosis of RPLS is based upon confirmation by brain imaging, preferably MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging).
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, dehydration, and haematologic changes
Gastrointestinal toxicity, which manifests as nausea and vomiting, warrants prophylactic and/or therapeutic anti-emetic therapy (see section 4.8).
Dehydration, paralytic ileus, intestinal obstruction, hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis and renal impairment may be caused by severe diarrhoea/emesis particularly when combining oxaliplatin with 5-fluorouracil (5FU).
If haematological toxicity occurs (neutrophils <1.5x109/l or platelets <50x109/l), administration of the next course of therapy should be postponed until haematological values return to acceptable levels. A full blood count with white cell differential should be performed prior to start of therapy and before each subsequent course.
Patients must be adequately informed of the risk of diarrhoea/emesis, mucositis/stomatitis and neutropenia after oxaliplatin and 5-fluorouracil (5FU) administration so that they can urgently contact their treating physician for appropriate management.
If mucositis/stomatitis occurs with or without neutropenia, the next treatment should be delayed until recovery from mucositis/stomatitis to grade 1 or less and/or until the neutrophil count is > 1.5 x 109/l.
For oxaliplatin combined with 5-fluorouracil (5FU) (with or without folinic acid (FA)), the usual dose adjustments for 5-fluorouracil associated toxicities should
apply.
If grade 4 diarrhoea, grade 3-4 neutropenia (neutrophils<1.0x109/l), grade 3 to 4 thrombocytopenia (platelets <50x109/l) occur, the dose of oxaliplatin should be reduced
from 85 mg/m2 to 65 mg/m2 (metastatic setting) or 75 mg/m2 (adjuvant setting), in addition to any 5-fluorouracil (5FU) dose reductions required.
Pulmonary
In the case of unexplained respiratory symptoms such as non-productive cough, dyspnoea, crackles or radiological pulmonary infiltrates, oxaliplatin should be discontinued until further pulmonary investigations exclude an interstitial lung disease or pulmonary fibrosis (see section 4.8).
Hepatic
In case of abnormal liver function test results or portal hypertension, which does not obviously result from liver metastases, very rare cases of drug-induced hepatic vascular disorders should be considered.
Pregnancy
For use in pregnant women, see section 4.6.
Fertility
Genotoxic effects were observed with oxaliplatin in the preclinical studies. Therefore male patients treated with oxaliplatin are advised not to father a child during and up to 6 months after treatment and to seek advice on conservation of sperm prior to treatment because oxaliplatin may have an anti-fertility effect, which could be irreversible. Women should not become pregnant during treatment with oxaliplatin and should use an effective method of contraception (see section 4.6).
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
In patients who have received a single dose of 85 mg/m2 of oxaliplatin, immediately before administration of 5-fluorouracil, no change in the level of exposure to 5-fluorouracil (5FU) has been observed.
In vitro, no significant displacement of oxaliplatin binding to plasma proteins has been observed with the following agents: erythromycin, salicylates, granisetron, paclitaxel, and sodium valproate.
4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Women of childbearing potential/Contraception In pre-clinical studies genotoxic effects were seen. Therefore, male patients who are treated with oxaliplatin are advised not to conceive a child during and until 6 months after the end of oxaliplatin therapy. Women should not become pregnant during oxaliplatin therapy and until 4 months after therapy, therefore contraceptive measures have to be taken.
Pregnancy Currently, no data are available regarding the safety of the product in administration during pregnancy. Reproduction toxicity was observed in animal studies (see section 5.3). Based on the results of animal studies and the pharmacological action of the compound, it is not recommended to use oxaliplatin during pregnancy, especially during the first trimester. Administration of oxaliplatin can be considered only after the assessment of benefit/risk ratio for the foetus and with the previous consent of the patient.
Lactation Release of oxaliplatin into breast milk has not been studied. Breastfeeding is contraindicated during oxaliplatin therapy.
Fertility
Oxaliplatin may have anti-fertility effects (see section 4.4).
Based on the pharmacological action of the compound, oxaliplatin may cause infertility. Male patients should be consulted about sperm preservation.
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
No studies on the effects on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed. However oxaliplatin treatment resulting in an increased risk of dizziness, nausea and vomiting, and other neurologic symptoms that affect gait and balance may lead to a minor or moderate influence on the ability to drive and use machines.
Vision abnormalities, in particular transient vision loss (reversible following therapy discontinuation), may affect patients' ability to drive and use machines. Therefore, patients should be warned of the potential effect of these events on the ability to drive or use machines.
4.8 Undesirable effects
The most frequent adverse events of oxaliplatin in combination with 5-fluorouracil/folinic acid (5FU/FA), were gastrointestinal (diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting and mucositis), haematological (neutropenia, thrombocytopenia) and neurological (acute and dose cumulative peripheral sensory neuropathy). Overall, these adverse events were more frequent and severe with oxaliplatin and 5FU/FA combination than with 5FU/FA alone.
The frequencies reported in the table below are derived from clinical trials in the metastatic and adjuvant setting (having included 416 and 1108 patients respectively in the oxaliplatin + 5FU/FA treatment arms) and from post marketing experience.
Frequencies in this table are defined using the following convention: very common (>1/10) common (>1/100, <1/10), uncommon (>1/1000, <1/100), rare (>1/10000, <1/1000), very rare (<1/10000) not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).
Further details are given after the table.
|
MedDRA Organ system classes |
Very common |
Common |
Uncommon |
Rare |
|
Infections and infestations * |
-Infection |
- Rhinitis - Upper respiratory tract infection - Neutropenic sepsis | ||
|
Blood and lymphatic system disorders* |
-Anaemia -Neutropenia -Thrombocytopenia -Leucopenia -Lymphopenia |
- Febrile neutropenia |
Immunoallergic thrombocytopenia -Haemolytic anaemia | |
|
Immune system disorders* |
-Allergy/ allergic reaction+ | |||
|
Metabolism and nutrition disorders |
- Anorexia -Hyperglycaemi a - Hypokalaemia -Hypernatraemia |
-Dehydration |
-Metabolic acidosis | |
|
Psychiatric disorders |
- Depression -Insomnia |
Nervousness | ||
|
Nervous system disorders* |
- Peripheral sensory neuropathy -Sensory disturbance -Dysgeusia -Headache |
- Dizziness -Motor neuritis -Meningism |
- Dysarthria -Reversible Posterior Leukoencephal opathy syndrome (RPLS, or PRES)**(see section 4.4) |
|
Eye disorders |
Conjunctivitis - Visual disturbance |
-Visual acuity reduced transiently -Visual field disturbances -Optic neuritis -Transient vision loss, reversible following therapy discontinuatio n | ||
|
Ear and labyrinth disorders |
-Ototoxicity |
-Deafness | ||
|
Vascular disorders |
- Haemorrhage - Flushing -Deep vein thrombosis -Hypertension | |||
|
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders |
-Dyspnoea -Coughing -Epistaxis |
-Hiccups -Pulmonary embolism |
-Interstitial lung disease, sometimes fatal -Pulmonary fibrosis** | |
|
Gastrointestinal disorders* |
- Nausea - Diarrhoea -Vomiting - Stomatitis /Mucositis -Abdominal pain - Constipation |
- Dyspepsia -Gastroesophageal reflux - Rectal haemorrhage -Gastrointestinal hemorrhage |
-Ileus - Intestinal obstruction |
- Colitis including Clostridium difficile diarrhoea - Pancreatitis |
|
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders |
-Skin disorder - Alopecia |
- Skin exfoliation (i.e. Hand & Foot syndrome) -Rash erythematous -Rash - Hyperhidrosis -Nail disorder |
|
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders |
- Back pain |
- Arthralgia -Bone pain | ||
|
Renal and urinary disorders |
- Haematuria -Dysuria -Abnormal micturition frequency | |||
|
General disorders and administration site conditions |
- Fatigue -Fever++-Asthenia -Pain - Injection site reaction+++ | |||
|
Investigations |
- Hepatic enzyme increase -Blood alkaline phosphatase increase -Blood bilirubin increase -Blood lactate dehydrogenase increase -Weight increase (adjuvant setting) |
- Blood creatinine increase - Weight decrease (metastatic setting) |
* See detailed section below ** See section 4.4.
+ Very common allergies/allergic reactions, occurring mainly during infusion, sometimes fatal. Common allergic reactions include skin rash, particularly urticaria, conjunctivitis and rhinitis.
Common anaphylactic or anaphylactoid reactions, include bronchospasm, hypotension, sensation of chest pain and anaphylactic shock.
++ Very common fever, rigors (tremors), either from infection (with or without febrile
neutropenia) or possibly from immunological mechanism.
+++ Injection site reaction including local pain, redness, swelling and thrombosis have been reported. Extravasation may result in local pain and inflammation which may be severe and lead to complications including necrosis, especially when oxaliplatin is infused through a peripheral vein (see 4.4).
Hepato-biliary disorders
Very rare (< 1/10000):
Liver sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, also known as veno-occlusive liver disease , or pathological manifestations related to such liver disorder, including peliosis hepatis, nodular regenerative hyperplasia, perisinusoidal fibrosis. Clinical manifestations may be portal hypertension and/or increased transaminases.
Renal and urinary disorders
Very rare (< 1/10000):
Acute tubular necrosis, acute interstitial nephritis and acute renal failure. Blood and lymphatic system disorders Incidence by patient (%), by grade
|
Oxaliplatin and 5FU/FA 85 mg/m2 every 2 weeks |
Metastatic Setting |
Adjuvant Setting | ||||
|
All grades |
Gr 3 |
Gr 4 |
All grades |
Gr 3 |
Gr4 | |
|
Anaemia |
82.2 |
3 |
<1 |
75.6 |
0.7 |
0.1 |
|
Neutropenia |
71.4 |
28 |
14 |
78.9 |
28.8 |
12.3 |
|
Thrombocytopenia |
71.6 |
4 |
<1 |
77.4 |
1.5 |
0.2 |
|
Febrile neutropenia |
5.0 |
3.6 |
1.4 |
0.7 |
0.7 |
0.0 |
|
Neutropenic sepsis |
1.1 |
0.7 |
0.4 |
1.1 |
0.6 |
0.4 |
Postmarketing experience with frequency unknown Hemolytic uremic syndrome
Gastrointestinal disorders Incidence by patient (%), by grade
|
Oxaliplatin and 5FU/FA 85 mg/m2 every 2 weeks |
Metastatic Setting |
Adjuvant Setting | ||||
|
All grades |
Gr 3 |
Gr 4 |
All grades |
Gr 3 |
Gr 4 | |
|
Nausea |
69.9 |
8 |
<1 |
73.7 |
4.8 |
0.3 |
|
Diarrhoea |
60.8 |
9 |
2 |
56.3 |
8.3 |
2.5 |
|
Vomiting |
49.0 |
6 |
1 |
47.2 |
5.3 |
0.5 |
|
Mucositis/Stomatitis |
39.9 |
4 |
<1 |
42.1 |
2.8 |
0.1 |
Prophylaxis and/or treatment with potent antiemetic agents is indicated.
Dehydration, paralytic ileus, intestinal obstruction, hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis and renal impairment may be caused by severe diarrhoea/emesis particularly when combining oxaliplatin with 5-fluorouracil (see section 4.4).
Nervous system disorders
The dose limiting toxicity of oxaliplatin is neurological. It involves a sensory peripheral neuropathy characterised by dysaesthesia and/or paraesthesia of the extremities with or without cramps, often triggered by the cold. These symptoms occur in up to 95% of patients treated. The duration of these symptoms, which usually regress between courses of treatment, increases with the number of treatment cycles.
The onset of pain and/or a functional disorder are indications, depending on the duration of the symptoms, for dose adjustment, or even treatment discontinuation (see section 4.4).
This functional disorder includes difficulties in executing delicate movements and is a possible consequence of sensory impairment. The risk of occurrence of persistent symptoms for a cumulative dose of 850 mg/m2 (10 cycles) is approximately 10 % and 20 % for a cumulative dose of 1020 mg/m2 (12 cycles).
In the majority of the cases, the neurological signs and symptoms improve or totally recover when treatment is discontinued. In the adjuvant setting of colon cancer, 6 months after treatment cessation, 87% of patients had no or mild symptoms. After up to 3 years of follow up, about 3% of patients presented either with persisting localized paresthesias of moderate intensity (2.3%) or with paresthesias that may interfere with functional activities (0.5%).
Acute neurosensory manifestations (see section 5.3) have been reported. They start within hours of administration and often occur on exposure to cold. They usually present as transient paraesthesia, dysaesthesia and hypoesthesia.An acute syndrome of pharyngolaryngeal dysaesthesia occurs in 1% to 2% of the patients and is characterised by subjective sensations of dysphagia or dyspnoea/feeling of suffocation, without any objective evidence of respiratory distress (no cyanosis or hypoxia) or of laryngospasm or bronchospasm (no stridor or wheezing). Although antihistamines and bronchodilators have been administered in such cases, the symptoms are rapidly reversible even in the absence of treatment. Prolongation of the infusion helps to reduce the incidence of this syndrome (see section 4.4).
Occasionally other symptoms that have been observed include jaw spasm/muscle contractions-involuntary/muscle twitching/myoclonus, coordination abnormal/gait abnormal/ataxia/balance disorders, throat or chest tightness/pressure/ discomfort /pain. In addition, cranial nerve dysfunction may be associated with above mentioned events, or also occur as an isolated event such as ptosis, diplopia, aphonia/dysphonia, hoarseness, sometimes described as vocal cord paralysis, abnormal tongue sensation or dysarthria, sometimes described as aphasia, trigeminal neuralgia/facial pain/eye pain, decrease in visual acuity, visual field disorders.
Other neurological symptoms such as dysarthria, loss of deep tendon reflex and Lhermitte's sign were reported during treatment with oxaliplatin. Isolated cases of optic neuritis have been reported.
Post marketing experience with frequency unknown Convulsion
Allergic reactions
Incidence of allergic reactions by patient (%), by grade 4.9 Overdose
|
Oxaliplatin and 5FU/FA 85 mg/m2 every 2 weeks |
Metastatic Setting |
Adjuvant Setting | ||||
|
All grades |
Gr 3 |
Gr 4 |
All grades |
Gr 3 |
Gr 4 | |
|
Allergic reactions/Allergy |
9.1 |
1 |
<1 |
10.3 |
2.3 |
0.6 |
4.9 Overdose
There is no known antidote to oxaliplatin. In cases of overdose, exacerbation of adverse events can be expected. Monitoring of haematological parameters should be initiated and symptomatic treatment given.
5 PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Other antineoplastic agents, platinum compounds ATC code: L01XA03
Oxaliplatin is an antineoplastic drug belonging to a class of platinum-based compounds in which the platinum atom is complexed with 1,2-diaminocyclohexane (“DACH”) and an oxalate group.
Oxaliplatin is a single enantiomer, (SP-4-2)-[(1R,2R)-Cyclohexane-1,2-diamine-kN, kN'] [ethanedioato(2-)-kO1, kO2] platinum].
Oxaliplatin exhibits a wide spectrum of both in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo antitumour activity in a variety of tumour model systems including human colorectal cancer models. Oxaliplatin also demonstrates in vitro and in vivo activity in various cisplatin resistant models.
A synergistic cytotoxic action has been observed in combination with 5-fluorouracil (5FU) both in vitro and in vivo.
Studies on the mechanism of action of oxaliplatin, although not completely elucidated, show that the aqua-derivatives resulting from the biotransformation of oxaliplatin, interact with DNA to form both inter and intra-strand cross-links, resulting in the disruption of DNA synthesis leading to cytotoxic and antitumour effects.
In patients with metastatic colorectal cancer, the efficacy of oxaliplatin (85 mg/m2 repeated every two weeks) combined with 5-fluorouracil/folinic acid (5FU/FA) is reported in three clinical studies:
-In front-line treatment, the 2-arm comparative phase III EFC2962 study randomised 420 patients either to 5-fluorouracil/folinic acid alone (LV5FU2, N = 210) or the combination of oxaliplatin with 5-fluorouracil/folinic acid (FOLFOX4, N=210)
-In pretreated patients the comparative 3-arm phase III EFC4584 study randomised 821 patients refractory to an irinotecan (CPT-11) + 5-fluorouracil/folinic acid combination either to 5-fluorouracil/folinic acid alone (LV5FU2, N = 275), oxaliplatin single agent (N = 275), or combination of oxaliplatin with 5-fluorouracil/folinic acid (FOLFOX4, N = 271)
-Finally, the non controlled phase II EFC2964 study included patients refractory to 5-fluorouracil/folinic acid alone, that were treated with the oxaliplatin and 5-fluorouracil/folinic acid combination (FOLFOX4, N = 57)
The two randomized clinical trials, EFC2962 in front-line therapy and EFC4584 in pretreated patients, demonstrated a significantly higher response rate and a prolonged progression free survival (PFS)/time to progression (TTP) as compared to treatment with 5-fluorouracil/folinic acid alone. In study EFC4584 performed in refractory pretreated patients, the difference in the median overall survival (OS) between the combination of oxaliplatin and 5FU/FA did not reach statistical significance.
Response rate under FOLFOX4 versus LV5FU2
|
Response rate, % (95% CI) independent radiological review ITT analysis |
LV5FU2 |
FOLFOX4 |
Oxaliplatin Single agent |
|
Front-line treatment EFC2962 Response assessment every 8 weeks |
22 (16-27) |
49 (42-56) |
NA* |
|
P value = 0.0001 | |||
|
Pretreated patients EFC4584 (refractory to CPT-11 + 5FU / FA) Response assessment every 6 weeks |
0.7 (0.0-2.7)) |
11.1 (7.615.5) |
1.1 (0.2- 3.2) |
|
P value < 0.0001 | |||
|
Pretreated patients EFC2964 (refractory to 5FU / FA) Response assessment every 12 weeks |
NA* |
23 (13-36) |
NA* |
* NA: Not Applicable
Median Progression Free Survival (PFS) / Median Time to Progression (TTP) FOLFOX4 versus LV5FU2
|
Median PFS/TTP, months (95% CI) independent radiological review ITT analysis |
LV5FU2 |
FOLFOX4 |
Oxaliplatin Single agent |
|
Front-line treatment EFC2962 (PFS) |
6.0 (5.5-6.5) |
8.2 (7.2-8.8) |
NA* |
|
Log-rank P value = 0.0003 | |||
|
Pretreated patients EFC4584 (TTP) (refractory to CPT-11 + 5FU/FA) |
2.6 (1.8-2.9) |
5.3 (4.7-6.1) |
2.1 (1.6-2.7) |
|
Log-rank P value < 0.0001 | |||
|
Pretreated patients EFC2964 (refractory to 5FU/FA) |
NA1 |
5.1 (3.1-5.7) |
NA1 |
* NA: Not Applicable
Median Overall Survival (OS) under FOLFOX4 versus LV5FU2
|
Median OS, months (95% CI) ITT analysis |
LV5FU2 |
FOLFOX4 |
Oxaliplatin Single agent |
|
Front-line treatment EFC2962 |
14.7 (13.0-18.2) |
16.2 (14.7-18.2) |
NA1 |
|
Log-rank P value = 0.12 | |||
|
Pretreated patients EFC45841 (refractory to CPT-11 + 5FU/FA) |
8.8 (7.3 - 9.3) |
9.9 (9.1-10.5) |
8.1 (7.2-8.7) |
|
Log-rank P value = 0.09 | |||
|
Pretreated patients EFC2964 (refractory to 5FU/FA) |
NA1 |
10.8 (9.3-12.8) |
NA1 |
EFC 3313 3-year disease free survival (ITT analysis)* for the overall population
|
Treatment arm |
LV5FU2 |
FOLFOX4 |
|
Percent 3-year disease free survival (95 % CI) |
73.3 (70.6-75.9) |
78.7 (76.2-81.1) |
|
Hazard ratio (95 % CI) |
0.76 (0.64-0.89) | |
|
Stratified log rank test |
P=0.0008 | |
* median follow up 44.2 months (all patients followed for at least 3 years)
The study demonstrated an overall significant advantage in 3-year disease free survival for the oxaliplatin and 5FU/FA combination (FOLFOX4) over 5 FU/FA alone (LV5FU2).
EFC 3313 3-year disease free survival (ITT analysis)2 according to disease stage
|
Patient stage |
Stage II (Dukes B2) |
Stage III (Dukes C) | ||
|
Treatment arm |
LV5FU2 |
FOLFOX4 |
LV5FU2 |
FOLFOX4 |
|
Percent 3-year disease free survival (95 % CI) |
84.3 (80.987.7) |
87.4 (84.390.5) |
65.8 (62.269.5) |
72.8 (69.476.2) |
|
Hazard ratio (95 % CI) |
0.79 (0.57-1.09) |
0.75 (0.62-0.90) | ||
|
Log-rank test |
P=0.151 |
P=0.002 | ||
5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
The pharmacokinetics of individual active compounds have not been determined. The pharmacokinetics of ultrafiltrable platinum, representing a mixture of all unbound, active and inactive platinum species, following a two-hour infusion of oxaliplatin at 130 mg/m2 every three weeks for 1 to 5 cycles and oxaliplatin at 85 mg/m2 every two weeks for 1 to 3 cycles are as follows:
Summary of Platinum Pharmacokinetic Parameter Estimates in Ultrafiltrate Following Multiple Doses of Oxaliplatin at 85 mg/m2 Every Two Weeks or at 130 mg/m2 Every Three Weeks
|
Dose |
Cmax |
AUC0- 48 |
AUC |
t1/2a |
t1/2p |
t1/2y |
Vss |
CL |
|
P g /mL |
Pgh /mL |
Pgh /mL |
h |
h |
h |
L |
L/h | |
|
85 mg/m2 | ||||||||
|
Mean |
0.814 |
4.19 |
4.68 |
0.43 |
16.8 |
391 |
440 |
17.4 |
|
SD |
0.193 |
0.647 |
1.40 |
0.35 |
5.74 |
406 |
199 |
6.35 |
|
130 mg/m2 | ||||||||
|
Mean |
1.21 |
8.20 |
11.9 |
0.28 |
16.3 |
273 |
582 |
10.1 |
|
SD |
0.10 |
2.40 |
4.60 |
0.06 |
2.90 |
19.0 |
261 |
3.07 |
Mean AUC0-48, and Cmax values were determined on Cycle 3 (85 mg/m2) or cycle 5 (130 mg/m2).
Mean AUC, Vss, and CL values were determined on Cycle 1.
Cmax, AUC, AUC0-48, Vss and CL values were determined by non-compartmental analysis.
t1/2a, t1/2p, and t1/2y, were determined by compartmental analysis (Cycles 1-3 combined).
At the end of a 2-hour infusion, 15% of the administered platinum is present in the systemic circulation, the remaining 85% being rapidly distributed into tissues or eliminated in the urine. Irreversible binding to red blood cells and plasma, results in half-lives in these matrices that are close to the natural turnover of red blood cells and serum albumin. No accumulation was observed in plasma ultrafiltrate following 85 mg/m2 every two weeks or 130 mg/m2 every three weeks and steady state was attained by cycle one in this matrix. Inter- and intra-subject variability is generally low.
Biotransformation in vitro is considered to be the result of non-enzymatic degradation and there is no evidence of cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of the diaminocyclohexane (DACH) ring.
Oxaliplatin undergoes extensive biotransformation in patients, and no intact active substance was detectable in plasma ultrafiltrate at the end of a 2 h-infusion. Several cytotoxic biotransformation products including the monochloro-, dichloro- and diaquo-DACH platinum species have been identified in the systemic circulation together with a number of inactive conjugates at later time points.
Platinum is predominantly excreted in urine, with clearance mainly in the 48 hours following administration.
By day 5, approximately 54% of the total dose was recovered in the urine and <3% in the faeces.
The effect of renal impairment on the disposition of oxaliplatin was studied in patients with varying degrees of renal function. Oxaliplatin was administered at a dose of 85 mg/m2 in the control group with a normal renal function (CLcr > 80 ml/min, n=12) and in patients with mild (CLcr = 50 to 80 ml/min, n=13) and moderate (CLcr = 30 to 49 ml/min, n=11) renal impairment, and at a dose of 65mg/m2 in patients with severe renal impairment (CLcr < 30 ml/min, n=5). Median exposure was 9, 4, 6, and 3 cycles, respectively, and PK data at cycle 1 were obtained in 11, 13, 10, and 4 patients respectively. There was an increase in plasma ultrafiltrate (PUF) platinum AUC, AUC/dose and a decrease in total and renal CL and Vss with increasing renal impairment especially in the (small) group of patients with severe renal impairment: point estimate (90% CI) of estimated mean ratios by renal status versus normal renal function for AUC/dose were 1.36 (1.08, 1.71), 2.34 (1.82, 3.01) and 4.81 (3.49, 6.64) for patients with mild and moderate and in severe renal failure respectively. Elimination of oxaliplatin is significantly correlated with the creatinine clearance. Total PUF platinum CL was respectively 0.74 (0.59, 0.92), 0.43 (0.33, 0.55) and 0.21 (0.15, 0.29) and for Vss respectively 0.52 (0.41, 0.65), 0.73 (0.59, 0.91) and 0.27 (0.20, 0.36) for patients with mild, moderate and severe renal failure respectively. Total body clearance of PUF platinum was therefore reduced by respectively 26% in mild, 57% in moderate, and 79% in severe renal impairment compared to patients with normal function. Renal clearance of PUF platinum was reduced in patients with impaired renal function by 30% in mild, 65% in moderate, and 84% in severe renal impairment compared to patients with normal function.
There was an increase in beta half life of PUF platinum with increasing degree of renal impairment mainly in the severe group. Despite the small number of patients with severe renal dysfunction, these data are of concern in patients in severe renal failure and should be taken into account when prescribing oxaliplatin in patients with renal impairment (see sections 4.2, 4.3, and 4.4).
5.3 Preclinical safety data
The target organs identified in preclinical species (mice, rats, dogs, and/or monkeys) in single- and multiple-dose studies included the bone marrow, the gastrointestinal system, the kidney, the testes, the nervous system, and the heart. The target organ toxicities observed in animals are consistent with those produced by other platinum-containing medicinal products and DNA-damaging, cytotoxic medicinal products used in the treatment of human cancers with the exception of the effects produced on the heart. Effects on the heart were observed only in the dog and included electrophysiological disturbances with lethal ventricular fibrillation. Cardiotoxicity is considered specific to the dog not only because it was observed in the dog alone but also because doses similar to those producing lethal cardiotoxicity in dogs (150 mg/m2) were well-tolerated by humans. Preclinical studies using rat sensory neurons suggest that the acute neurosensory symptoms related to Oxaliplatin may involve an interaction with voltage-gated Na+ channels.
Oxaliplatin was mutagenic and clastogenic in mammalian test systems and produced embryo-fetal toxicity in rats. Oxaliplatin is considered a probable carcinogen, although carcinogenic studies have not been conducted.
6 PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS
6.1 List of excipients
Lactose monohydrate
6.2 Incompatibilities
The diluted medicinal product may not be mixed with other medicinal products in the same infusion bag or infusion line. Under instructions for use described in section 6.6, oxaliplatin can be co-administered together with folinic acid (FA) using a Y-line.
-DO NOT mix with alkaline medicinal products or solutions, in particular 5-fluorouracil (5FU), folinic acid (FA) preparations containing trometamol as an excipient and trometamol salts of others active substances. Alkaline drugs or solutions will adversely affect the stability of oxaliplatin (see section 6.6).
-DO NOT reconstitute or dilute oxaliplatin with saline or other solutions containing chloride ions (including calcium, potassium or sodium chlorides).
-DO NOT mix with other medicinal products in the same infusion bag or infusion line (see section 6.6 to check instructions related to co-administration with folinic acid).
-DO NOT use injection equipment containing aluminium.
6.3 Shelf life
Unopened vial: 2 years
The reconstituted solution in the original vial The reconstituted solution should be diluted immediately and is for single use only. From a microbiological point of view, the solution should be used immediately. If not used immediately, in-use storage times and conditions prior to use are the responsibility of the user and would normally not be longer than 24 hours at 2°C to 8°C unless reconstitution has taken place in controlled and validated aseptic conditions. From a chemical, physical point of view the stability of the reconstituted solution has been demonstrated for 24 hours at 2°C-8°C.
Solution for infusion
After dilution of the reconstituted solution in glucose 5% (50 mg/ml) solution, chemical and physical in-use stability has been demonstrated for 24 hours at 2°-8°C.
From a microbiological point of view, the solution for infusion should be used immediately. If not used immediately, in-use storage times and conditions prior to use are the responsibility of the user and would normally not be longer than 24 hours at 2 °C to 8 °C unless dilution has taken place in controlled and validated aseptic conditions.
6.4 Special precautions for storage
The medicinal product packed for sale does not require any special storage conditions.
Please see section 6.3 for the storage of reconstituted and diluted solutions.
6.5 Nature and contents of container
20 ml flint Type I tubular glass vial with bromobutyl rubber stopper and green flip off aluminium seal containing 50 mg of oxaliplatin powder.
50 ml flint Type I tubular glass vial with bromobutyl rubber stopper and green flip off aluminium seal containing 100 mg of oxaliplatin powder.
Pack size: 1 vial per carton.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
6.6 Special precautions for disposal
As with other potentially toxic compounds, caution should be exercised when handling and preparing oxaliplatin solutions.
Instructions for Handling
The handling of this cytotoxic agent by healthcare personnel requires every precaution to guarantee the protection of the handler and his surroundings.
The preparation of injectable solutions of cytotoxic agents must be carried out by trained specialist personnel with knowledge of the medicines used, in conditions that guarantee the integrity of the medicinal product, the protection of the environment and in particular the protection of the personnel handling the medicines, in accordance with the hospital policy. It requires a preparation area reserved for this purpose. It is forbidden to smoke, eat or drink in this area.
Personnel must be provided with appropriate handling materials, notably long sleeved gowns, protection masks, caps, protective goggles, sterile single-use gloves, protective covers for the work area, containers and collection bags for waste.
Excreta and vomit must be handled with care.
Pregnant women must be warned to avoid handling cytotoxic agents.
Any broken container must be treated with the same precautions and considered as contaminated waste. Contaminated waste should be incinerated in suitably labelled rigid containers. See below chapter “Disposal”.
If oxaliplatin powder, reconstituted solution or solution for infusion, should come into contact with skin or mucous membranes, wash immediately and thoroughly with water.
Special precautions for administration
-DO NOT use injection equipment containing aluminium.
-DO NOT administer undiluted.
-Only glucose 5% (50 mg/ml) infusion solution is to be used as a diluent. DO NOT reconstitute or dilute for infusion with sodium chloride or chloride containing solutions.
-DO NOT mix with any other medicinal products in the same infusion bag or administer simultaneously by the same infusion line
-DO NOT mix with alkaline drugs or solutions, in particular 5-fluorouracil (5FU), folinic acid (FA) preparations containing trometamol as an excipient and trometamol salts of others active substances. Alkaline drugs or solutions will adversely affect the stability of oxaliplatin
Instruction for use with folinic acid (FA) (as calcium folinate or disodium folinate) Oxaliplatin 85 mg/m2 intravenous infusion in 250 ml to 500 ml of glucose 5% (50 mg/ml) solution is given at the same time as folinic acid (FA) intravenous infusion in glucose 5% (50 mg/ml) solution, over 2 to 6 hours, using a Y-line placed immediately before the site of infusion.
These two medicinal products should not be combined in the same infusion bag. Folinic acid must not contain trometamol as an excipient and must only be diluted using isotonic glucose 5% (50 mg/ml) solution, never in alkaline solutions or sodium chloride or chloride containing solutions.
Instruction for use with 5-fluorouracil Oxaliplatin should always be administered before fluoropyrimidines, i.e. 5fluorouracil (5FU). After oxaliplatin administration, flush the line and then administer 5-fluorouracil (5FU).
A reconstituted solution which shows signs of precipitation may not be used and should be destroyed.
Reconstitution of the solution
To reconstitute the solution, water for injection or 5 % (50 mg/ml) glucose solution should be used.
When using a 50 mg vial: add 10 ml solvent to obtain a solution of 5 mg oxaliplatin per ml.
When using a 100 mg vial: add 20 ml solvent to obtain a solution of 5 mg oxaliplatin per ml.
Inspect the reconstituted solution visually prior to use. Only clear solutions without particles should be used.
From a microbiological point of view, the reconstituted solution should be diluted immediately. If not diluted immediately, in-use storage times and conditions prior to use are the responsibility of the user and would normally not be longer than 24 hours at 2°C to 8°C unless reconstitution has taken place in controlled and validated aseptic conditions.
Dilution for intravenous infusion
Withdraw the required amount of concentrate from the vial(s) and then dilute with 250 ml to 500 ml of a glucose 5% (50 mg/ml) solution to obtain an oxaliplatin concentration between 0.20 mg/ml and 0.70 mg/ml. The concentration range over which the physico-chemical stability of oxaliplatin has been demonstrated is 0.20 mg/ml to 2.0 mg/ml.
The diluted solution is a clear colourless solution free from particulate matter. Administer by intravenous infusion.
After dilution in glucose 5% (50 mg/ml) solution, chemical and physical in-use stability has been demonstrated for 24 hours at 2-8°C.
From a microbiological point of view, this infusion preparation should be used immediately.
If not used immediately, in-use storage times and conditions prior to use are the responsibility of the user and would normally not be longer than 24 hours at 2 °C to 8 °C unless dilution has taken place in controlled and validated aseptic conditions.
Inspect the solution visually prior to use. Only clear solutions without particles should be used.
The medicinal product is for single use only. Any unused infusion solution should be discarded (see chapter “disposal” below).
NEVER use sodium chloride or chloride containing solutions for dilution.
The compatibility of oxaliplatin solution for infusion has been tested with representative, PVC-based, administration sets.
Infusion
The administration of oxaliplatin does not require prehydration.
Oxaliplatin diluted in 250 ml to 500 ml of a glucose 5% (50 mg/ml) solution to give a concentration not less than 0.20 mg/ml must be infused via a central venous line or a peripheral vein over 2 to 6 hours. When oxaliplatin is administered with 5fluorouracil (5FU), the oxaliplatin infusion must precede the administration of 5fluorouracil (5FU).
Disposal Remnants of the medicinal product as well as all materials that have been used for dilution and administration must be destroyed according to hospital standard procedures applicable to cytotoxic agents in accordance with local requirements related to the disposal of hazardous waste.
7 MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER
Strides Arcolab International Ltd.
Unit 4, Metro Centre, Tolpits Lane,
Watford, Hertfordshire WD 189SS United Kingdom
8 MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)
PL 28176/0063
9 DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION
22/11/2011
10 DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT
22/11/2011
NA: Not Applicable
In pretreated patients (EFC4584), who were symptomatic at baseline, a higher proportion of those treated with oxaliplatin and 5-fluorouracil/folinic acid experienced a significant improvement of their disease-related symptoms compared to those treated with 5-fluorouracil/folinic acid alone (27.7% vs 14.6%, p=0.0033).
In non-pretreated patients (EFC2962), no statistical significant difference between the two treatment groups was found for any of the quality of life dimensions. However, the quality of life scores were generally better in the control arm for measurement of global health status and pain and worse in the oxaliplatin arm for nausea and vomiting.
In the adjuvant setting, the comparative MOSAIC phase III study (EFC3313) randomised 2246 patients (899 stage II/ Dukes B2 and 1347 stage III/Dukes C) further to complete resection of the primary tumour of colon cancer either to 5FU/FA alone (LV5FU2, N = 1123 (B2/C) = 448/675) or to combination of oxaliplatin and 5FU/FA (FOLFOX4, N = 1123 (B2/C) = 451/672)
median follow up 44.2 months (all patients followed for at least 3 years)
Overall Survival (ITT analysis)
At time of the analysis of the 3-year disease free survival, which was the primary endpoint of the MOSAIC trial, 85.1 % of the patients were still alive in the FOLFOX4 arm versus 83.8 % in the LV5FU2 arm. This translated into an overall reduction in mortality risk of 10 % in favor of FOLFOX4 not reaching statistical significance (hazard ratio = 0.90).
The figures were 92.2 % versus 92.4 % in the Stage II (Dukes B2) sub-population (hazard ratio = 1.01) and 80.4 % versus 78.1 % in the Stage III (Dukes C) subpopulation (hazard ratio = 0.87), for FOLFOX4 and LV5FU2, respectively.
Oxaliplatin single agent has been evaluated in pediatric population in 2 Phase I (69 patients) and 2 Phase II (166 patients) studies. A total of 235 pediatric patients (7 months-22 years of age) with solid tumours have been treated. The effectiveness of oxaliplatin single agent in the pediatric populations treated has not been established. Accrual in both Phase II studies was stopped for lack of tumour response.